James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0015
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Life After 1660","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Harrington’s political writings appear to have ceased with the Restoration of Charles II, but his alleged involvement with the Bow Street commonwealth club led him to be arrested in November 1661, interrogated and imprisoned. While he was eventually released, the experience affected his health, and there is no evidence of his engaging in writing or politics after this time. At some point during the 1660s he married Anne Darrell, who is described by Aubrey as his ‘old sweet-heart’. He lived out the last years of his life in Little Ambry, Westminster, dying on 11 September 1677 and being buried in St Margaret’s Church, Westminster. His ideas remained alive in the minds and writings of his friends, and were given new life by the publication in 1700 of Toland’s edition.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115361856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0003
R. Hammersley
{"title":"The Agent of Monarchy","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 explores the ways in which Harrington maintained and extended his family’s long-standing connections with the Stuarts. He did so first as ‘agent’ to the Prince Elector Palatine Charles Louis, son of Elizabeth of Bohemia, handling his funds and delivering a Humble Remonstrance on his behalf. This role may have led to the choice of Harrington as gentleman of the bedchamber to the captive Charles I. In both cases Harrington was in an ambiguous position with regard to the division at the heart of the Civil War, since Charles Louis sided with Parliament rather than his uncle, and though Harrington worked as a close personal servant to Charles I, it was Parliament who appointed him to this position. These activities suggest that a more robust explanation is required as to how Harrington reconciled his royal service with his belief that England was ripe for republican government.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0016
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion explores the gains of approaching Harrington from beyond the republican paradigm. In the first place, we see more clearly the complexity and atypicality of Harrington’s republicanism, and even the possibility of characterizing him as a democrat. Secondly, it is evident that Harrington was neither wholly ancient nor thoroughly modern, but cut a distinctive path between the two. Moreover, his pursuit of a middle way is also reflected in his insistence on post-Civil War reconciliation and in the character of his republicanism, his democracy, his religious views, and his underlying philosophical position. Finally, Harrington’s contributions to historical, religious, and philosophical thought can now be more fully appreciated, along with his innovations in the form and presentation of his works. These findings not only enhance our perspective on Harrington, but have wider implications for our understanding of the seventeenth century and the discipline of intellectual history.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122067329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0007
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Innovation in Substance: Democracy","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of modern democracy has tended to be associated with the eighteenth rather than the seventeenth century. Yet, as Chapter 7 shows, the English Revolution not only provoked proto-democratic ideas among the Levellers, but also led Harrington to embrace both the terminology and the substance of democracy. Harrington deliberately used this term to describe his model constitution, thereby tarnishing the ‘oligarchic’ pretensions of his opponents, and associating democracy with Sparta rather than Athens and therefore with a popular veto rather than popular debate. In Oceana, Harrington advocated a highly inclusive citizen body the members of which could exercise considerable political powers. He also expressed his commitment to meritocracy, which would be secured within his system. Ultimately, the chapter argues that Harrington’s distinctive understanding of democracy was both novel and influential.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134646719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0010
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Controversies About History","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Harrington engaged in controversy over particular historical models, over appropriate historical methodology, and over the relevance of history to politics. He sought not merely to impose past models in the present, but to use research into the past to inform present judgement. Harrington treated the commonwealth of Israel like any other ancient model, and emphasized its Erastianism and, more controversially, its democratic character. Sparta too was presented by him as a ‘democratic’ state against those who emphasized its monarchical or oligarchical elements. Harrington’s theory about the relationship between land and power was also grounded in his historical analysis, providing him with a distinctive account of the causes of the English Civil War. Finally, Harrington’s historical methodology set him at odds with those who championed mathematical over historical demonstration. In his historical debate, as in other aspects of his work, Harrington was charting his own middle course.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120992007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0009
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Controversies Concerning Politics","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Political debate was particularly important to Harrington. He not only advocated it in his political model but also used his writings to provoke it, believing that debate would bring positive benefits for society. Chapter 9 explores how Harrington provoked debate, before examining his engagement with royalist, republican, and Leveller opponents. While his debates with royalists tended to focus on the respective merits of monarchy and popular government, his disagreements with republicans were more wide-ranging. Although in agreement on the need to protect civil and ecclesiastical liberty, republicans disagreed fundamentally over how to do so. Harrington placed emphasis on good laws and institutions, where his opponents insisted on the need to be ruled by good men. As a result, Harrington offered a more inclusive definition of the citizen body, was more willing to accept virtuous behaviour rather than genuine virtue, and rejected godly rule.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126853341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0006
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Innovation in Substance: ‘Empire follows the Balance of Property’","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 focuses on Harrington’s innovative theory regarding the relationship between land and political power. It asserts the novelty of the theory, as claimed by Harrington and acknowledged by others, as well as its relationship to Harrington’s wider innovation of designing a large state republic. The chapter then elucidates the key elements of Harrington’s theory, its implications for his typology of government, and its application to England. Once a government suited to the distribution of property is established within a state it must be preserved by means of an agrarian law, and again the details of this provision are explored. The chapter also pays attention to Harrington’s distinctive imperial policy which emphasized colonial expansion within, rather than beyond Europe, and his consequent emphasis on the importance of the army rather than the navy. Thus Harrington’s innovative theory about property and power is presented as generating various other novelties.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123847662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0012
R. Hammersley
{"title":"Controversies About Philosophy","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 12 argues that Harrington’s natural philosophy was fundamental to his political philosophy and underpinned his entire programme. Harrington opposed the mechanical understanding of politics and interventionist account of religion advanced by Oxford mathematicians such as John Wilkins. Instead he emphasized the connections between the individual, the state or body politic, and the universe. All three comprised material and philosophical (human and divine) elements. Harrington’s concerns with the foundations and superstructure of the state and with the military, political, and religious aspects of citizenship were born of this view. Understanding these philosophical foundations, and seeing the parallels that Harrington drew between his own ‘political anatomy’ and William Harvey’s work, helps to make sense of the ideas set out in The Mechanics of Nature and the account of Harrington’s illness offered by Aubrey, as well as underlining the unity and cohesion of his thought.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120979969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0002
R. Hammersley
{"title":"The Supporter of Parliament","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of Harrington’s life prior to the publication of The Commonwealth of Oceana in 1656 has generally been acknowledged to be limited. While not challenging that point, Chapter 2 argues that more evidence is available than has previously been recognized. It traces Harrington’s activities from the 1630s through to 1656, focusing in particular on the financial and administrative support that he offered to Parliament during the 1640s. This included providing money to help to establish peace between England and Scotland in 1641 and in support of the campaign in Ireland a year later, collecting money on Parliament’s behalf in Lincolnshire, and perhaps even putting himself forward as an MP for the Short Parliament in 1642.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James HarringtonPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0001
R. Hammersley
{"title":"The Family Man","authors":"R. Hammersley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809852.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"After setting out the limited range of sources available that provide information on Harrington’s life, Chapter 1 explores his family connections and early years. Detail is provided on his immediate family background and the close interaction between him and his siblings as reflected in testamentary evidence. Attention is also paid to the origins of the relationship between the Harrington family and the Stuarts, especially Charles I’s sister Princess Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia. The chapter traces Harrington’s early life from his birth in Northamptonshire in 1611 through to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642. It examines, in particular, his education at Trinity College Oxford and the Middle Temple, and his European tour.","PeriodicalId":430836,"journal":{"name":"James Harrington","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116582626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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