Review of Economic Perspectives最新文献_第6页

History Re-Written: Misconceptions of U.S. Trade and Industrial Policy and the Influence of Neoliberalism 历史再书写：美国贸易和工业政策的误解与新自由主义的影响

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2021-0001

T. Taylor, Amanda Montera

{"title":"History Re-Written: Misconceptions of U.S. Trade and Industrial Policy and the Influence of Neoliberalism","authors":"T. Taylor, Amanda Montera","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A disparity exists between mainstream perception and reality with regard to American economic history. There is widespread belief among the public, media, and even some scholars that the U.S. amassed its wealth and prosperity from the adoption of exclusively free-market principles from the onset of the union. This is far from reality. Since 1980, the U.S. government has adopted policies that largely support the free-market ideology and can be classified as neoliberal. However, As Chang (2002) and Cohen and DeLong (2016) have shown, during the early stages of economic development and critical junctures whilst a middle-income country, the U.S. record is one of active government intervention in targeted industries, the creation of important institutions to complement free-market competition, and the widespread use of trade protection in support of infant industries. This misconception has significant ramifications for present-day developing countries, which are routinely advised to adopt neoliberal policies with insufficient regard for the idiosyncratic stage of economic development. This paper documents the misconceptions by examining the theoretical basis and historical record of U.S. industrial and trade policy. We detail how this misconception became widespread and ultimately entered policymaking by analyzing two contributing factors: the rise of neoliberalism, and the standard economics curriculum.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47048737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Simple Measure to Study Multinational Income Inequality 跨国收入不平等研究的一个简单方法

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2021-0002

Gharehgozli Orkideh, A. Vidya

{"title":"A Simple Measure to Study Multinational Income Inequality","authors":"Gharehgozli Orkideh, A. Vidya","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using the Big Mac Index, we offer a simple measure to study the real income inequality. We provide a multidimensional real income inequality analysis by exploring the Coefficient of Variation and the Big Mac Affordability of households across all income deciles of 28 countries for the years 2000 to 2013. We look more into a few of the most interesting countries in our analysis in order to have explanations for the wide range of income inequality we observe. We compare Denmark and Mexico as representatives of the “more equal” and “less equal” countries in our analysis, and we find a visible difference in the share of each decile to the top decile of income between the two countries. However, we observe that, although a more equal country, Denmark has been exp eriencing a rise in income inequality while a less equal country (Mexico) has been experiencing a reduction in income inequality. We also focus on the United States and study how it compares to Russia, a country that shows a different direction of income inequality compared to the U.S.A. We find that while the wage income inequality in Russia has been correlated inversely with its growth, in the U.S.A., the overall growth and wage income inequality have been positively correlated.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41926954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Volume and Territorial Distribution of the Czech Republic’s Official Development Assistance Flows to Least Developed Countries 捷克共和国向最不发达国家提供的官方发展援助的数量和领土分布

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2021-0005

E. Kovářová

{"title":"Volume and Territorial Distribution of the Czech Republic’s Official Development Assistance Flows to Least Developed Countries","authors":"E. Kovářová","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Official Development Assistance (ODA) is considered one of the most important external resources of finance that can contribute to sustainable development in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Czech Republic, as an official donor country, should spend on ODA, with respect to the EU and national targets, at least 0.33% of its GNI by the year 2030. Eradication of poverty in the context of sustainable development belongs to the long-term priorities of the Czech foreign development cooperation, and thus the Czech Republic considers some LDCs, which population is more likely to live in extreme poverty, the priority partner countries. Paper evaluated fundamental trends of the Czech Republic’s ODA flows to LDCs; compared them with the trends identified for the collective flows of all DAC members and for the flows of its four selected members (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia). Identified trends of Czech ODA flows showed clearly that Czech Republic did not meet official commitments regarding the volume of ODA and that level of fragmentation of the ODA flows to LCDs was quite high when these trends were examined during the period 2000–2018. However, the Czech Republic’s development cooperation policy did not differ markedly from the policies of the other four ODA donors. Any significant differences were identified when the fundamental trends of Czech ODA flows were compared with those ones identified for Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42294984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Transport in times of an epidemic: public transport measures in the Czech Republic and its regions 疫情期间的交通：捷克共和国及其各地区的公共交通措施

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2021-0004

Martin Vrána, Simona Surmařová, Petr Hlisnikovský, Jiří Dujka

{"title":"Transport in times of an epidemic: public transport measures in the Czech Republic and its regions","authors":"Martin Vrána, Simona Surmařová, Petr Hlisnikovský, Jiří Dujka","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the first half of 2020, the global pandemic of the COVID-19 virus became a phenomenon affecting all spheres of human life. Measures against the spread of the virus have led to restrictions in life in public spaces and have also affected the transport sector. These impacts consisted of two types - firstly, the number of connections was reduced due to a drop in transport demand, and secondly, it was necessary to comply with hygiene measures on the part of carriers and passengers. The impacts of these measures could be monitored at all spatial levels, from global to local. This paper deals with the course of the so-called first wave of the pandemic in the Czech Republic in relation to public transport and its organization. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of these measures in relation to general government regulations and their subsequent implementation at the national, regional (county) and local (selected large cities) level. Furthermore, the paper uses three case studies to show what changes long-distance domestic transport has undergone on selected routes. There was a significant reduction in the number of long-distance connections, some lines were not operated at all, and of course, all cross-border connections were canceled. The paper covers the period from the turn of February and March 2020, when the measures began to take effect, to the end of May 2020, when almost all the adopted measures were gradually relaxed. The paper concludes with a summary of the basic features of the organization of transport during the validity of the special measures, as well as areas where significant changes took place and whose consequences may persist after the pandemic subsides.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47894306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Wagner’s law testing in the Visegrád Four countries 瓦格纳法在Visegrád四个国家的测试

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0020

Ž. Tesařová

引用次数: 1

Economic policy and confidence of economic agents – a causal relationship? 经济政策与经济主体信心——因果关系?

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0023

Silvo Dajčman

{"title":"Economic policy and confidence of economic agents – a causal relationship?","authors":"Silvo Dajčman","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2020-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study whether innovations in monetary and fiscal policy are a leading indicator of future business and consumer confidence and reverse applying the panel Granger causality analysis to two periods in the history of the euro area: before and after the start of the Great Recession. The results show that Granger causality interaction between the confidence of economic agents and the stance of monetary policy (measured by the shadow rate) is stronger than between the former and the fiscal policy instruments. The European Central Bank (ECB) shadow rate innovations Granger caused business and consumer confidence in both periods, but also indicators of confidence Granger caused the shadow rate. No such feedback could be established between two fiscal policy instruments (government expenditure and revenue growth) and the indicators of confidence. Government spending and revenues Granger caused business confidence in the first subperiod, but not in the second subperiod when the causality reversed. The government revenues Granger caused consumer confidence in the first subperiod, while government expenditures in the second subperiod. Consumer confidence Granger caused government spending in the first subperiod.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48588197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Competitiveness in the European Consolidated Banking Sector After the 2008 Financial Crisis 2008年金融危机后欧洲综合银行业的竞争力

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0021

S. K. Klutse

{"title":"Competitiveness in the European Consolidated Banking Sector After the 2008 Financial Crisis","authors":"S. K. Klutse","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2020-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The constitutional conception of market integration within the European Union entails creating a level playing field for competition in the consolidated banking sector. The financial crisis of 2008 brought with it the need to proceed with care as it rolled back the gains of improving competitive conditions in the financial sector. Even though a lot of studies have investigated competitive conditions prior to the crisis, the same cannot be said of periods after the crisis. Using both structural and non-structural measures of competitive conditions, this study found that the consolidated banking sector in Europe shows signs of a monopolistic competitive market structure based on its revenue and cost measures. As five countries – United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy – control about 70 per cent of total assets in the consolidated banking sector. The capital expense to fixed assets and total assets in the Europe area were found to be negatively related to measures of profitability in the sector. They were indicating that the accumulation of assets eats into the incomes of banks in the sub-region, whereas bank exposures may be affecting bank profits.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44491700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

University Students’ Preferences about Savings and Investments at Individual and National level in the 21st Century: The Case of Turkey 21世纪大学生个人和国家层面的储蓄和投资偏好——以土耳其为例

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0024

Aynur Yumurtaci, Bilal Bağış

{"title":"University Students’ Preferences about Savings and Investments at Individual and National level in the 21st Century: The Case of Turkey","authors":"Aynur Yumurtaci, Bilal Bağış","doi":"10.2478/revecp-2020-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims to capture the favored both national and individual saving and investment perceptions of the Turkish youth. Also, the research contributes to the understanding of the common preferences of the youth and focuses on perceptions over their home country’s saving-investment decisions. We reason, it is important to evaluate views of the youth on national savings and investments as they will be both the decision-makers determining the economic and social policies of the near future and the ones that are directly impacted by these policies implemented today. For this purpose, a questionnaire is applied to randomly selected 550 university students in Turkey and the results are analyzed by the chi-square test. Accordingly, students have mostly preferred that investments should be primarily made to the education sector at national level while investment made for the social security system is placed on the last rank. In addition, education is the most important individual investment choice of participants. On the other hand, information technologies, energy, and agriculture are identified as the most significant investment areas, which could be potentially increased the global competitiveness of their home country. Another important outcome of this research is that students prefer to invest their individual savings in gold and real estate investments, respectively.","PeriodicalId":43002,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44860930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing the Role of Government Efficiency on Financial Development for OECD Countries 政府效率对经合组织国家金融发展的作用分析

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0022

Aysel Amir, K. Gokmenoglu

引用次数: 3

A Book Review on The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty by Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson 《狭窄的走廊:国家、社会和自由的命运》书评，作者:达隆Acemoğlu和詹姆斯·A·罗宾逊

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Review of Economic Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/revecp-2020-0019

Sedat Alataş

引用次数: 0