Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya最新文献

{"title":"Organization and Holding Sanitary and Epidemiological Measures in Stalingrad and Separate Districts of the Stalingrad Region (1942–1943)","authors":"A. Epifanov, E. Krasnozhenova","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The victory at Stalingrad was secured not just by actions on the fronts. An important role was played by social activities, including health care for the population and the army and the fight against epidemics. Despite this, not all areas of sanitary and anti-epidemic work carried out in Stalingrad have been studied comprehensively. Methods and materials. The source base for the study was archival materials stored in the central and Volgograd regional archives. Among them are the documents of the central and regional state authorities on the sanitary condition in Stalingrad and the epidemic measures being carried out in it. In the work on the article, comparative-historical and statistical methods, the method of source study, structural-diachronic and system analysis were used. Analysis. In the frontline and liberated from occupation areas of the Stalingrad region, an extremely unfavorable sanitary condition was noted. This inevitably led to the spread of infectious diseases – cholera, tularemia, typhoid and typhus, malaria – and caused the need for urgent anti-epidemic measures. Sanitary clearing of the city, cleaning and burial of corpses, restoration of water supply, expansion of the network of medical institutions, provision of baths and deodorant chambers, mass sanitation and immunization of the population, organization of soap production in the region were considered as priorities. The work of emergency anti-epidemic commissions was restored. Results. The anti-epidemic measures implemented in Stalingrad during the war made it possible to prevent the spread of acute infectious epidemic diseases.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combat Operations of the Soviet and German Troops in the Azov Floodplains in February – September 1943","authors":"I. Kiselev","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the battles between Soviet and German troops in the Azov floodplains in February – September 1943. This little-studied page in the history of the Battle of the Caucasus 1942– 1943, which was marked by prolonged military operations in hard-to-reach areas. Methods and materials. The aim of the publication was a comprehensive study of the Soviet-German confrontation in the Azov floodplains on the basis of historical comparative and historical evolutionary methods. The main sources for the study were Soviet and German war journals, operational reports and accounts. Most of these operational documents had not previously been introduced into scientific circulation. Along with them, the recollections of combatants from both sides were used. Analysis. The author identified three stages of the Soviet-German confrontation in the Azov floodplains. It was analyzed decisions of the Soviet and German command, the features of the tactics of the troops, their composition, combat training and the supply level. Results. The author concluded that units of the Red Army several times tried to use the area of the Azov floodplains to enter the German troops, their subsequent encirclement and defeat. This goal was not achieved, but the active actions of the Soviet North Caucasian Front diverted part of the 17th German Army’s forces.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87644322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimate of the Number and Sex and Age Composition of “Volgotanker” Workers in the Lower Volga Region in 1941–1943","authors":"Margarita Bukatina","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi troops and the Battle of Stalingrad greatly affected all aspects of life in the Lower Volga Region. Ensuring the economy of the whole country and resistance to the invader was carried out by the large oil shipping company “Volgotanker”, which delivered Baku oil throughout the Volga Basin. The quantity and quality of personnel played an important role in the effectiveness of the organization. Materials and methods. To write this article we have identified and drawn a wide range of archival sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Astrakhan region, the Center for the Documentation of Contemporary History of the Volgograd region and the State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve “Battle of Stalingrad”. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism and maximum possible objectivity. The shipping company itself and its activity in the context of external factors can best be described within the framework of the historical-system method. Analysis and results. This article provides a detailed assessment of the size of the shore personnel, the number of party organizations of the shipping company, the floating personnel and one ship’s crew on average. The analysis of position and sex and age composition of “Volgotanker” workers is given. Conclusions are made about the efficiency of “Volgotanker”’s work in connection with the number and composition of its personnel.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75050706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration of the Public Catering System of Stalingrad in 1943–1945","authors":"Andrei Lunochkin","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article deals with the problem of the restoration of the public catering system of Stalingrad at the end of the battle on the Volga. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods in the study of statistical sources were used. Analysis and results. Providing the population of the destroyed city with food became one of the most important directions of the social policy of the period. The problem was addressed on several fronts. At the first stage, in the spring and summer of 1943, most of the enterprises of the city canteen trust were reopened on the basis of the destroyed pre-war canteens. They were made from improvised materials. The work to equip them was done mainly by the employees who had returned from the evacuation. As industrial enterprises were restored, the workers’ supply departments opened canteens at their own expense. A number of canteens opened by the city trust were transferred to the balance of the factories. After the start of large-scale restoration work, several large construction departments of central subordination were deployed in the city. They independently provided their workers with food in their own canteens. In the second stage from 1944, due to the allocation of budgetary funds along with the restoration began construction of new catering enterprises. The city’s enterprises produced inventory and equipment for canteens. Great attention was also paid to the organization of children’s and school meals. As a result, by mid-1945 the public catering system in Stalingrad was generally restored. Most workers and residents were attached to canteens and received rationed one or two meals a day. However, the range of dishes and the quality of food remained unsatisfactory. Centralized supply of products was not carried out in full. Low-power subsidiary farms could not cope with their plans. Most canteens were located in dilapidated premises in unsanitary conditions due to the lack of running water and sewerage.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84996972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soviet Tankers in Spain in 1936–1937 (According to the Documents of the Intelligence Directorate of the Russian Red Army)","authors":"M. Novikov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article considers the problem of the soviet tankers participation in the Spanish Civil War in its initial period. Methods and materials. The study is based on documents of the Intelligence Directorate of the People’s Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. They became available after the publication of the first three volumes of the eight serial edition “Red Army and the Spanish Civil War (1936– 1939)”. Analysis. It is emphasized that the first group of Soviet tankers arrived in Spain on October 13, 1936, together with a batch of T-26 tanks (50 in total). On October 29, a tank company, which in a short time prepared the missing crew members from among the Spaniards, took part in a combat offensive operation in the Madrid area. According to documentary evidence the effectiveness of the combat use of tanks was minimal and was a result of the unwillingness and inability of the Spanish infantry, including its command staff, to act together with tanks. The documents characterize the T-26 tank as a reliable, hardy, easy-to-handle vehicle, superior in all technical characteristics to light tanks of German and Italian production, but with unsuccessful turret geometry, with weak armor, with an imperfect design of the turret swivel mechanism, with an unusable radio antenna. The article considers presented in the documents problem of the moral, political, psychological and physical condition of soviet tankers in Spain. The documentation also notes high level of military discipline, gives examples of heroic deeds of tankers, primarily members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). At the same time attention is drawn to cases of excessive caution of individual commanders bordering on cowardice. An important place in the documents is given to the physical condition of tankers who find themselves in unfamiliar climatic and social conditions as well as in terms of a completely different food ration. It is noted that almost 100% overwork of personnel associated with continuous participation in hostilities, accompanied by various diseases. Results. The article emphasizes the importance of the direct participation of Soviet tankers in the hostilities of 1936–1937. It made it possible to prevent the military defeat of the Spanish Republic at the stage of creating a regular People’s Army. Key words: Spanish civil war, soviet military aid, tanks, tankers, combat activity, overwork, diseases.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77745141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military and Political Decisions of the Supreme Command of the USSR and Germany on the Eve of the Battle of Stalingrad (June – July 1942)","authors":"V. Afanasenko, M. Medvedev","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. 2022 marks the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad, which became a turning point not only of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders and their allies, but of the entire World War II of 1939–1945. The Battle of Stalingrad covered the territories of modern Voronezh, Rostov, Volgograd regions and the Republic of Kalmykia. The military and political decisions of the supreme command of the USSR and Germany on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad in June – July 1942 became the starting point in the future battle. Methods and materials.The study used problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and statistical methods. The study of the materials was based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. During the analysis of documents from domestic archives, memoirs, statistical information, a significant amount of material was processed; the problems of the prehistory of the Battle of Stalingrad in domestic and foreign historiography were studied. Analysis. As a result of the study conducted by the authors, various directives, orders of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command to the Soviet troops in the Stalingrad direction, as well as the enemy’s planning mechanism for the seizure of Stalingrad territory were analyzed. Results. It has been established that the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, even before the start of hostilities in the Stalingrad direction, took measures to concentrate strategic reserves, create defensive lines, and reorganize the management of front-line troops. The authors’ contribution. V.A. Afanasenko proposed the idea and concept of the article, determined the chronology of the beginning of the preparatory actions preceding the Battle of Stalingrad. M.V. Medvedev analyzed the work of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command on the preparation and use of combat reserves in battles within the great bend of the Don, carried out a scientific revision of the article.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"287 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78487750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Infrastructure of the Enterprise as the Main Factor of Workers’ Life Support During the War Years (1941–1945)","authors":"M. Potemkina, R. Zharkynbayeva, E. Anufrieva","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The functioning of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the Soviet rear is of research interest to understand the sources of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War. Methods and Materials. The source base of the study is represented by documents from the central and local archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the course of the study, a modernization methodological approach was applied, historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods were used. Analysis. The article deals with management mechanisms and characterizes the objects of social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the military complex of the USSR with the example of defense enterprises of such front and rear regions as Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk region and Kazakhstan with regard to the period 1941–1945. The difficulties of functioning of working hostels, health centers, nurseries, canteens, subsidiary farms, caused by extreme conditions of wartime and a general lack of material and financial resources, are shown. Results. During the analysis, it was possible to establish regional differences in the activities of social infrastructure facilities, violations of the principle of social justice and unsatisfactory quality of social services provided were noted. Using the example of three regions of the USSR, the conclusion is made about the importance of social policy at industrial enterprises for improving production discipline and the survival of workers. Authors’ contribution. M.N. Potemkina analyzed the documents of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, developed the methodological foundations of the study, formulated the main results; R.S. Zharkynbayeva analyzed archival sources from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which allowed to determine the regional features of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises. E.V. Anufrieva participated in identifying documents from the archives of the Volgograd region and writing the final text.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72377802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appeals and Memos of the Kirov Plant Artillery Designer I.A. Makhanov to the CPSU(b)’s Central Committee Secretary A.A. Zhdanov in 1937–1938","authors":"Andrey Ryabkov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The fate of Ivan Abramovich Makhanov, the artillery designer and the head of the Kirov Plant bureau was ignored by Soviet historiography. Moreover, for a long time it was believed that the designer was repressed and killed in the late 30s. However, after spending 16 years in prison, I.A. Makhanov survived, lived a long life and left behind voluminous handwritten memoirs published in 2022. In addition, in the recently declassified funds of the archives of Saint Petersburg, separate documents of Makhanov’s authorship, as well as those dedicated to his activities, are found. The complex of new sources forces us to revise the established views on the history of the national artillery and military industry of Leningrad. At the same time, the ambiguous role of Makhanov as a designer and administrator in the history of domestic artillery systems creation and production is manifested. This publication is devoted to the correspondence of Makhanov with the CPSU(b)’s Central Committee Secretary A.A. Zhdanov in 1937–1938. From the above documents, in addition to clarifying important technical issues, one can glean an amount of valuable information about both the personality of Makhanov and the structure of the relationship between the “technical intelligentsia” and the supreme party leadership of the USSR in the late 30s of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135074936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Battle of Stalingrad and the Turning Point in World War II: Events and Images","authors":"E. Krinko","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Foreword of the executive editor.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89276234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Czechoslovak Military Units in the USSR During the Great Patriotic War: Political and Legal Problems of Formation and Combat Use","authors":"F. Sinitsyn","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of political and legal problems that arose during the formation on the territory of the USSR and the combat use of Czechoslovak military units in the Great Patriotic War. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the research presented in the article is the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, as well as general and special methods typical of historical studies. The source base of the research includes both published and unpublished documents found by the author in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Analysis. The Czechoslovak formations were part of the Czechoslovak armed forces and were subordinate to the emigrant government, and in operational and military-technical matters were under the Soviet supreme command. However, the presence of several actors (the Czechoslovak government in exile, the leadership of the USSR, the command of Czechoslovak units and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) led to a number of political and legal conflicts in this process. Firstly, the intention of the emigrant government to save military forces (in fact, supported in some way by the leadership of the USSR) was in conflict with the plans of the KSČ leadership and the commander of the Czechoslovak units, Svoboda L., who advocated maximum possible participation of Czechoslovaks in combat operations on the territory of the Soviet Union. Secondly, the Soviet side sought to put the Czechoslovak formations under its control. The third manifestation of the contradictions was “the case of the Army of A. Hasal” (autumn 1944), with which the problem of belonging to Transcarpathia was closely intertwined. Results. Despite the existence of a number of political and legal conflicts, they did not become an obstacle to the creation and combat use of Czechoslovak military formations on the Soviet-German front. In addition, the Soviet-Czechoslovak relations themselves developed quite constructively during the Great Patriotic War.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79329297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}