Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Detection, Optimization, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Effect of Vaginolysin Extracted from Gardnerella Vaginalis Isolated from Iraqi Women Who Had Abortions","authors":"S. A. Najim, Suzan Saadi Hussain, Raghad Abdulatef Abdulrazaq","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1556","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The goal of this study is the detection of the gen that responsible for production the vaginolysin toxin, discovered the optimal condition for produce vaginolysin, purification and characterization of the toxin and show the cytotoxic effect of vaginolysin on VK2cell and HeLa cell. \u0000Methods:  Among 592 specimens isolated from pregnant women suffering from vaginal inflammation and threatened with abortion(these women is suffering from strong pain in the cervical region), only 62 of isolates identified as G vaginalis.  From Baghdad teaching hospital. detection of the gen that responsible for production the vaginolysin toxin. study of the optimal condition to produce vaginolysin. the purification of the toxin by using ammonium sulfate, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, toxin characterization of pH and temperature activity and stability, the study of cytotoxic effect of vaginolysin on VK2 and HeLa cells. \u0000Result: The optimal condition to produce the toxin is pH level in 4, best temperature is 37 0C, the best media is TSB broth , and the best hours is 24hr.  . \u0000 The best range for precipitation saturation ratio 50%.  ion exchanges have specific activity 4 mg.  gel filtrations show an increase in the specific activity of purified toxin (10U/mg). \u0000 the characterization done by pH and temperature,Vaginolysin  was active in 0.5 U/ mL at pH 7, and stable in pH 7 activity, the best temperature for   vaginolysin activity is 0.5 U/mL at 37°C  and maximum  stability was recorded at 37°C . \u0000  the cytotoxic effect of the toxin on VK2 cell observed the viability ratio 69.98%, at higher toxin concentration, while the result for HeLa cell viability ratio 38.77%, at higher  toxin concentration. \u0000Conclusion: vaginolysin cause lysis of vaginal cell and cervical cell may lead to abortion, the killing ratio increase by increasing the concentration of the toxin and the effect of the toxin on HeLa cell is more than on VK2 cell.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological Assessment of Key Biomarkers in Stage III Breast Cancer","authors":"S. Turki","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1579","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the predictive role of some immune parameters in progressive and diagnostic of stage III breast cancer BC patient. \u0000Methods: The study was conducted at Specialized Oncology Center – Tikrit City, and the Oncology of Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad city, Iraq, on 80 blood samples, 50 samples from women with stage III breast cancer, and 30 samples for control group (healthy women), the age range (25–50) year. The collect serum assessed by ELIZA, and the data analyzed by Independent-Samples T test spss. While AUC is measured by MedCalc. \u0000Results: Serum levels of all parameters were dramatically higher in patients group compared to control except in IL-23 which exhibitedslight elevation statically not significant. The (AUC) for the associated ROC curve of CA15-3 (1), TGF-β (1) and IL-10 (1) were the largest.AUC is valuable diagnostic parameters to predict of progressive and diagnostic of the disease, followed by TNF-α (0.997), IL-6 (0.974), IL-17 (0.890), IL-8 (0.838), CTL-4 (0.819) and finally the lowest on was IL-23 (0.616). \u0000Conclusion: Increasing levels of the measured parameters are an essential predictor of progressive and diagnostic of the disease.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141688364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Cavity Disinfectants and Their Effects: A Review","authors":"Şemsi Alp","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1488","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000Objective: This review aims to assess the efficacy of various materials and systems, including Chlorhexidine Digluconate, Benzalkonium Chloride, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Iodine, Aloe Vera, Hyaluronic Acid, Propolis, Ozone, Photoactivated Disinfection, Lasers, and Antibacterial Dentin Adhesives, in cavity disinfection.\u0000Methods: A comprehensive review of literature and studies was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mentioned materials and systems for cavity disinfection.\u0000Results: The review revealed diverse effects of Chlorhexidine Digluconate, Benzalkonium Chloride, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Iodine, Aloe Vera, Hyaluronic Acid, Propolis, Ozone, Photoactivated Disinfection, Lasers, and Antibacterial Dentin Adhesives on cavity disinfection. The findings highlight the potential of these agents and technologies in enhancing disinfection protocols in dental practice.\u0000Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of exploring various materials and systems for cavity disinfection to improve dental treatment outcomes. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of these agents and technologies in dental settings.\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Inadequate Sleep on Blood Pressure among the Population in Zakho District","authors":"Basheer Abdi","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1552","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study explores the impact of inadequate sleep on blood pressure levels among the population of Zakho district's, Kurdistan Region, highlighting the unique cultural, economic, and geographical factors contributing to these conditions.\u0000Methods: This case-control study involved 1038 participants aged 18-65 years, divided into two groups. 527 cases, who have inadequate sleep <7 hours(n=262), <6 hours (n=194), <5 hours(n=71). and 511 control who have an adequate amount of sleep of 7-9 hours. The study assessed sleep quantity through self-reported sleep duration using an interview questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured three times (with at least a one-minute interval between each reading) using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer and a properly sized cuff. The American Heart Association defines healthy and unhealthy blood pressure ranges. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension.\u0000Results: The prevalence of all stages of hypertension was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p=0.0001) (Table 5). Stage I: 151(58.3% case), 108(41.7% control). Stage II: 106 (60.92% case), 68(39.08% control). Hypertensive crisis: 5 (100% case), 0(0% control). With the Exception of elevated blood pressure which was more prevalent among the control group:129 (60), than case group 86 (40%). Among those with normal blood pressure, the prevalence was also higher in the control group; 206 (53.51% control), 179 (46.49% case).\u0000Conclusion: The study indicates that inadequate sleep durations increase the risk of hypertension. Improving sleep habits could prevent hypertension. Further research is needed in Zakho district to establish the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension. Addressing sleep disturbances can improve public health, especially among high-risk populations.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Depression and Anxiety Among Public Health Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in University of Hail, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1558","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The study aims to identify the socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with depression, and anxiety among public health students at the University of Hail in Saudi Arabia. \u0000Methods: The researchers collected responses from 446 participants using a convenience sampling approach through a cross-sectional quantitative research design. The collected data underwent analysis through descriptive statistics, focusing on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Additionally, the measure of association is used to verify the associations of these factors with depression and anxiety among public health students of the University of Hail in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the binary logistic regression is used to identify the impacts of various socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors on mild to severe anxiety and depression of these students. \u0000Results: The research proves that lower family income and bad relationships with classmates are significant demographic factors, while unsatisfied sleep, smoking  habits, and symptoms ranging from mild to severe depression are lifestyle factors  that contribute to heightened anxiety among public health students at the University of Hail in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it was also found that transitional age (21-25 years) from socio-demographic factors, unsatisfied sleep level, smoking habit, and mild to severe symptoms of anxiety also cause significant  increased depression among these students. \u0000Conclusion: The study concludes that students who are not satisfied with their sleep, and have a smoking status are more exposed to anxiety as well as depression as compared to non-smokers, and the students with satisfied sleep. Additionally, those students who are not good in relationships with their classmates, and have mild to severe symptoms of depression are exposed to anxiety significantly. Finally, those students having a transitional age of 21-25 years along with mild to severe symptoms of anxiety are significantly exposed to depression.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Outcomes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","authors":"Aysun Firat","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1563","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Obesity is known to have negative impaction on reproductive health and ovarian functions. It may alter endocrine axis and quality of oocytes, and indirectly effect the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF). \u0000Methods: Medical records of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were applied for IVF between 2018 and 2024 were reviewed. Demographics, indications for reproductive treatment, IVF outcome parameters and the factors contributing to morbidity of treatment were recorded. Student’s test with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and  Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: 186 patients with PCOS were divided as lean (BMI<25 kg/m2, control), overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Mean ages and primary infertility rates were similar (both, p>0.05), but duration of infertility was longer in overweight and obese patients (p<0.05). Although patients with higher BMI required more induction dose for the cycle, number of retrieved oocytes did not change significantly, with achieved chemical and clinical pregnancy (each, p>0.05). Moreover, fertilization rates of transferred oocytes and rates of adverse outcomes during pregnancies were similar in the groups (each, p>0.05). Although overweight and obese patients with PCOS required more gonadotropin induction for IVF cycle (2311 vs 1920 vs 1752 IU, respectively, p<0.05), the numbers of metaphase II and fertilized oocytes were seen to be similar with increasing BMI (each, p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: There is longer infertility duration and a higher requirement for gonadotropins in overweight and obese patients with no effect of BMI on most of IVF parameters such as retrieved oocyte, clinical pregnancy, obstetric complication and delivery rate.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism in Iraqi Children: Investigating the CNTNAP2 rs7794745 Polymorphism in the Middle Euphratesv","authors":"Safaa R. M. AL-Safar, Haydar F. S. AL-Zubaidy","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1577","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aims to determine if the CNTNAP2 gene polymorphism at the rs7794745 locus is associated with autism spectrumdisorder (ASD) by comparing its frequency in autistic children and healthy controls. \u0000Methods: The case-control study involved a total of 150 samples, comprising 80 individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) and 70 healthy children. These participants, both male and female, had an average age of 3.5 ± 3 years for autistic individuals and4.2 ± 3 years for healthy children. Genomic analysis was performed by amplifying and scrutinizing DNA sequences through the utilizationof polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzymes. Specifically, the genotyping of the CNTNAP2 gene at the rs7794745 locus wasaccomplished using the PCR-RFLP method. To facilitate genotyping, the isolation of DNA from peripheral blood cells sourced from healthychildren and patients. \u0000Results: Our findings indicated a statistically non-significant low-frequency distribution (P-value > 0.05) of the rs7794745 SNP in ASDpatients compared to healthy children. \u0000Conclusion: The study’s findings propose that there is no correlation between the rs7794745 polymorphism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Antitumor and Apoptotic Activity of Sitagliptin or Linagliptin Plus Cisplatin Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells (an Invitro Study)","authors":"Ameer M. Al Khafaji, A. Bairam","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1555","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Lung cancer (LC) has the highest mortality rate globally. Most chemotherapeutic medicines now in use are cytotoxic, prompting the search for novel compounds with anticancer properties and improved safety profiles for normal cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have demonstrated anticancer effects and apoptotic properties by specifically inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase -4, a glycoprotein found in various organs that support the spread of cancer and tumor formation. \u0000Based on that, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of sitagliptin (SITA) and linagliptin (LINA) against the lung cancer cell line (A549) alone and in combination with cisplatin (CP). \u0000Methods: A549 cells were categorized into six groups: control (untreated cells), CP-treated cells, SITA-treated cells, LINA-treated cells, CP plus SITA treated cells (1:1 ratio), and CP plus LINA treated cells (1:1 ratio). After 72 hours of incubation, cell viability (or cytotoxicity) and concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell viability (IC50) for each group were determined using an MTT assay. This method is safe and easy to use, has more reproducibility, and is commonly used for cell viability and cytotoxicity tests. Later, A549 cells were cultured in six flasks and exposed to the IC50 for 36 hours. Afterward, the cells were harvested and centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed. The remaining cell pellets were collected and lysed using a lysis buffer to measure B-cell lymphoma type 2 (BCL-2) levels with ELISA test kits. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis techniques. \u0000Results: MTT assay results determined that SITA and LINA significantly increased A549 cell cytotoxicity compared to the control group (P<0.0001). Moreover, combining SITA or LINA with CP showed markedly increased antitumor efficacy and more significant cytotoxicity directed toward A549 cells. Additionally, these combinations highly reduced IC50 in comparison to monotherapy. Considerably, both drugs showed remarkable apoptotic activity on A549 cells when used alone or combined with CP by decreasing BCL2 levels. Consequently, it potentiates apoptotic effects and cytotoxicity of CP against cancer cells. Interestingly, Lina was more potent than Sita regarding cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity on A549 cells. \u0000Conclusion: SITA and Lina exhibited significant cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against A549 cells through the induction of apoptosis. Notably, the results suggest a potential synergistic anticancer impact on CP. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141686236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Significance of Serum Cystatin C in SLE: A Potential Marker of Disease Damage Beyond Lupus Nephritis","authors":"I. Jali","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1553","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This work aimed to assess the serum level of cystatin C in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and to determine the relation to disease characteristics and damage.\u0000 \u0000Methods: The study included 33 SLE patients presenting to the Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Department and Outpatient clinic, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. The medical history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations and medications received by the patients were recorded. The systemic lupus international collaborating clinics damage index (SLICC-DI) was assessed. Serum cystatin C was measured using the immune-nephelometric method.\u0000 \u0000Results: The mean age of the patients was 35.3±10.7 years; 28 females and 5 males (F:M  5.6:1), disease duration 5.5±3.1 years and their age at onset was 27.9±10.6 years. Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) (2.47±1.57 mg/L vs v mg/L, p=0.003) and diabetes (4.92±0.05 mg/L vs 1.93±1.34 mg/L; p<0.0001) and was lower in those with thyroid dysfunction (1.41±0.75 mg/L vs 2.3±1.59 mg/L, p=0.047). There was a significant correlation between the serum cystatin C level with proteinuria (r=0.57, p=0.011) and with the SLICC-DI (r=0.42,p=0.016). Serum cystatin C could discriminate patients with LN at cut-off value of 0.904 mg/L with area under the curve of 0.765, sensitivity 87% and specificity 50%; p=0.017.\u0000 \u0000Conclusion: The remarkable association between cystatin C and LN is confirmed and an emerging role is noted in reflecting the extent of disease damage. The likely association with diabetes and thyroid dysfunction should also be taken into consideration when deciding treatment regimens for LN patients.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141688425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Determine Knowledge and Attitude of Tobacco Smoking Among Secondary School Students in Sulaimani City","authors":"Muhammed Qadir, S. Weli","doi":"10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1536","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate and assess knowledge and attitudes among secondary students in Sulaimani city.\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school students, from eight randomly selected secondary schools in Sulaimani city, Iraq. 1200 students participated in this study during six months from October 2022 to April 2023. The respondents were explained about each section of the questionnaire form. It describes behaviors, knowledge, beliefs, opinions, and other variables related to tobacco use.  \u0000Results: The prevalence rate of current tobacco use (all types) is 21.8%, from this rate; 13.2% were cigarette smoking, 11.9% waterpipe, 24.7% used electronic smoke such as vape and pods and 50.2% of students used all types of tobacco product. The prevalence rates of tobacco use in males (31.3%) and females (12.1%). The rates were higher among students whose mother and father, schoolmates, relatives, and friends were smokers than those whose parents, schoolmates, relatives, and friends were non-smokers. A higher rate of smokers have not thought about the harmful of other people’s cigarettes on them, 16.7%, 25%, 9.9%, and 4.8% of smokers have not thought definitely, probably not, probably yes, and definitely yes. Regarding the attitude of the smokers, it showed statistically that there were significant associations for example only 6.6% of smokers were with the banning of smoking in public places while 21.7% of them were with not banning smoking in public places. \u0000Conclusion: Despite the prevalence rate of smoking in Sulaimani City being relatively lower than in other cities in Iraq the rate is still high. The rate was higher in males than females. In addition, there were factors connected with smoking initiation which are parents, schoolmates, relatives, and friends smoking. A higher rate of smokers did not think about the harmful of other people’s cigarettes to them and a lower rate of smokers were with the banning smoking in public places.","PeriodicalId":42860,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141685821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}