Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY最新文献

{"title":"A 15-year comparative follow-up study of adolescent schizophrenia and acute and transient psychotic disorders with onset in adolescence","authors":"Katarzyna Ślosarczyk, Mariusz Ślosarczyk","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Comparative follow-up studies on the course of adolescent schizophrenia, on the one hand, and syndromes diagnosed initially as acute and transient psychotic disorders in adolescence, on the other, are rare in the literature. In our analysis, we compared the course of these syndromes based on selected clinical and social indicators. Materials and methods: A total of 34 patients hospitalised in adolescence (time point 1) for schizophrenia (11 patients) and for acute and transient psychotic disorders (23 patients – both diagnoses according to the ICD-10 criteria) were re-examined 15 years later (time point 2). The assessment was based on a psychiatric examination as well as questionnaires, letters and queries in selected hospitals and psychiatric wards. Results: After 15 years, the respondents in the group with a baseline diagnosis of schizophrenia revealed a significantly higher severity of schizophrenia symptoms, particularly the axial symptoms of the illness, as well as a higher severity of cognitive deficits. They had more frequent and longer psychiatric hospitalisations during the follow-up period, with the difference being more pronounced in the sub-period of the first five years after hospitalisation. These subjects experienced a deeper regression at time point 2, with lower levels of insight and poorer working lives, and were significantly more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia than patients in the other group. Conclusions: A diagnosis of adolescent schizophrenia proves to be a more significant predictor of the patients’ deteriorated functioning both in terms of clinical and social parameters than a diagnosis of acute and transient psychotic disorders made during the same developmental period.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paternalism and autonomy: psychotherapists’ choices in dilemmas and their justifications as ethical aspects of the therapeutic relationship","authors":"Anna Bogatyńska-Kucharska, Jarosław Kucharski, M. Jabłoński","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse solutions to ethical dilemmas based on the criterion of “paternalism-autonomism” in the context of psychotherapists’ professional experience and therapeutic modality. Another aim was to review the sources of choices of ethical decisions from the perspective of the “intuitiveness – ethical reflection” dichotomy, and to assess the percentage of ethical, ambiguous, and non-ethical justifications of solutions preferred in those ethical dilemmas. Method: It was a cross-sectional qualitative study. An original questionnaire describing three exemplary clinical and ethical dilemmas combined with a multiplechoice questionnaire containing recommended solutions to the presented dilemmas was employed in the study. The responses were correlated with the modality of psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioural, psychoanalytic-psychodynamic, psychodynamic-systemic, systemic, integrated) and the professional experience of therapists. The statistical analysis included questionnaires obtained from 191 respondents. Results: Statistical data indicate the general advantage of autonomous decisions in the entire group of therapists, regardless of their professional experience. A significant advantage of autonomic solutions over paternalistic solutions was demonstrated in all analysed therapeutic approaches with the exception of the cognitive-behavioural approach. Moreover, a statistically significant majority of psychotherapists reported the use of ethical reflection when choosing the solutions to the discussed dilemmas. A comparison of the total number of selected justifications revealed a significant advantage of ethical justifications over ambiguous and non-ethical ones, regardless of the professional experience of therapists and in all modalities except the psychoanalytic-psychodynamic and psychodynamic-systemic types. Conclusions: The principle of respect for autonomy plays an important role in the professional ethics of psychotherapists, and the preference for ethical considerations and justifications when choosing solutions to practical ethical dilemmas indicates a potential benefit of incorporating ethics into the professional training of therapists.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42087516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the quality of life of patients with mental disorders using general questionnaires","authors":"Barbara Cieślik","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization has estimated that 450 million individuals live with mental disorders worldwide. In the last few years, a growing interest in research on the quality of life in chronically ill people could be observed. Further research generates new concepts and specific tools to measure the quality of life. Quality of life can be assessed using both generic and specific questionnaires. This allows for obtaining a quantitative result, which can be compared with studies in other patient populations. Currently, there are a variety of tools and questionnaires measuring the quality of life in patients, considering its various determinants. The most popular tools include Euro Quality of Life Questionnaire, Short-Form Health Survey and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF. World Health Organization defines Quality of Life as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which the patients live and concerning their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Quality of life is increasingly used for the characterisation of disease and estimation the therapeutic efficiency. Evaluation and planning of activities designed to improve and maintain the patient’s quality of life require a holistic approach, taking into account psychological and medical aspects of the patient’s life. Several studies have shown that in the case of individuals with mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and anxiety disorders, the assessment of quality of life is not only possible, but also desirable and even necessary.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44542078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Neanderthal gene introgression into Homo sapiens genome an adaptive anti-inflammatory phenomenon that increases depression risk?","authors":"M. Nowak, T. Pawełczyk","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Genes of Neanderthal ancestry are believed to have become incorporated in the modern Homo sapiens genome via hybridisation and introgression. Although the majority have been eliminated from the population by natural selection due to Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities, some of them nevertheless remain, suggesting they have been selected for and have some adaptive value. The current work examines hypotheses explaining the emergence of depressive symptoms and disorders from an evolutionary standpoint. Neither the incentive hypothesis nor any social hypothesis (social position hypothesis, attachment hypothesis, social navigation hypothesis) accommodates any evidence of archaic introgression. However, the immunological hypothesis, corroborated by a considerable body of research, treats depressive symptoms as part of immunologic response. According to the hypothesis, infections have placed a considerable selective pressure on humans. Upon arrival in Eurasia from Africa, Homo sapiens was confronted with unknown pathogenic microorganisms. In contrast, the Neanderthals populating Eurasia had already been adapting to them for millennia. Introgression of Neanderthal man alleles of genes associated with the immunological response has already been demonstrated in Homo sapiens, and may well increase the fitness of newcomers. Such inclusion of genes connected with depressive symptoms may explain why archaic alleles are still present in the gene pool of modern humans.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42971438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence of schizophrenia in the context of growing up in urbanised vs. green areas – a narrative review","authors":"S. Murawiec","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia describes multiple risk factors of this serious mental disorder. These include genetic factors that generally have biological roots, as well as factors related to the upbringing in a specific environment during childhood and adolescence of a person who will develop schizophrenia in adulthood. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis also implies the existence of protective factors. The paper discusses selected environmental risk factors and protective factors of schizophrenia in the context of ecopsychiatry. Urbanicity has for decades been a factor indicated as one that increases the risk of schizophrenia. Contemporary research helps understand how growing up in an urban environment affects brain development, with a particular focus on grey matter volume changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex. The impact of air pollution as a risk factor for schizophrenia is also the subject of discussions. Exposure to outdoor air pollutants containing particulate matter and ultrafine particulate matter, gases, organic compounds, and metals can lead to neurotoxicity and neuropathology. Air pollution can affect the brain through such mechanisms as inflammation and oxidative stress. On contrary, higher exposure to green spaces has been suggested to reduce the incidence of schizophrenia. Some research indicates a dose-response association between the level of exposure to green space in childhood and a lower risk of developing schizophrenia in the future. The presented review of selected publications indicates that exposure to a certain environment in childhood and adolescence modulates the risk of schizophrenia. Environments heavily transformed by human activity (urbanisation) and characterised by a high level of chemical contamination (toxins, air pollution, smog) are a risk factor for schizophrenia. Protective factors, on the other hand, include direct contact with the natural environment from childhood through adolescence to adulthood.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44005704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is empathy still important in today’s world?","authors":"Monika Leończyk-Spórna, Aleksandra Jażdżyńska","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In our paper, we attempted to answer the question whether empathy is still important in today’s world. From the psychological point of view, two types of empathy can be distinguished, i.e. emotional empathy defined as the ability to sense other people’s mental states, and cognitive empathy, described as the ability to adopt the way of thinking of other people. Empathy is a very desirable feature among medical professionals, hence students are taught an empathetic approach to patients already from the early years of medical studies. Much is said about the positive impact of such behaviour on the cooperation between the doctor and the patient, as well as on the final treatment outcomes. We would like to draw attention to the role of empathy in the doctor–patient relationship and show how it affects professional burnout among healthcare workers (Bukowski et al., 2022; Decety, 2020; Esagian et al., 2019). The empathetic approach is especially important for patients with chronic conditions such as asthma. In China, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the level of empathy measured by a physician (using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy) on the physical and mental health of asthmatic patients. Patients were assessed for anxiety, self-reliance, sleep efficiency and levels of interleukin-6, an inflammatory marker at baseline and after 3 months. It was found that patients in the group treated by physicians with higher levels of empathy had significantly lower anxiety and interleukin-6 levels, as well as higher levels of independence and better sleep efficiency than the other patients (Wu et al., 2020). Intimate illnesses are also conditions requiring an empathic approach. One of the studies addressing this issue was conducted among HIV-infected patients in the US. The participants were asked to rate their satisfaction with the contact with the doctor who regularly followed them up for six months. The study found that patients’ satisfaction levels were higher if they considered their doctor to be empathetic and knowledgeable. The authors of the study also suggested that the doctor’s interpersonal and communication skills have a greater impact on patient satisfaction with the treatment process than technical skills (Sullivan et al., 2000). Women’s visits to the gynaecologist’s office is another noteworthy topic. As in the previous case, here too the situation concerns particularly sensitive issues. The patient should feel that she is an equal partner in the patient–doctor interaction, which will allow for controlling the embarrassment during both gynaecological examination and discussing difficult topics. In one of articles, 126 women enrolled for the study to complete a questionnaire on the quality of gynaecological examination and the relationship between the doctor and the patients (Gruszka et al., 2014). The questions concerned communication skills, attentive listening and conveying important information. Unfortunately, up to 41% of respondents ","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42743338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality variables in people with obesity","authors":"Paweł Kwiecień, J. Domagała-Kulawik","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity remains one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Its prevalence accelerates and exhibits a trend to increase more rapidly than overweight. Obesity is linked to diabetes, heart and vascular diseases, most cancers and a greater chronic and infectious disease burden. Risk factors for obesity are varied, with genetic background, physical activity, sleep quantity and quality, diet, and sociological, economic, environmental aspects among the most frequently mentioned. Psychological factors, especially those related to personality, also remain an important cause underlying the development and persistence of obesity. In this review of studies, significant differences in the intensity of personality dimensions were observed between obese and non-obese people, especially in the level of neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience. The aim of the review was to discuss the correlations of specific personality traits in patients with obesity. High levels of neuroticism and low levels of conscientiousness are recurring findings across the studies. In this summary, attention is also given to other personality traits. It was noted that extraversion and openness to experience distinguished obese people from the general population, but without a clear positive or negative association – the cited studies show a statistically significant correlation between the levels of body mass index and these two personality dimensions, but the direction of the correlation is not uniform across the studies. Considering the above observations, it is possible that there are important differences in the obese population, as clinical experience shows that the group is homogeneous neither in the areas of physical health nor in the area of styles of coping with stress, which may be significant for determining the association with personal traits. The findings of the review show that the analysis of the relationships between personality traits in obese people can be an important factor in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive impact of cognitive reserve on the dynamics of selected cognitive functions in a 3-month follow-up of adult Poles","authors":"E. Szepietowska","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-0353 Introduction: David Snowden’s 25-year longitudinal Nun Study has contributed to the ongoing interest in the relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive performance in adults. The term “cognitive reserve” refers to the capital of knowledge and skills. Greater cognitive reserve accounts for good baseline cognitive status of adults and may translate into successful aging. Therefore, research was undertaken to assess the role of cognitive reserve and age in shaping the results of tests assessing cognitive functions and self-report methods. Methods: The study was conducted among adult Poles (N = 80) and involved two measurements (at baseline and after 3 months). The cognitive reserve index included self-report data on past and present involvement in various areas of life, years of occupational activity, level of formal education and occupational status. Each of these categories was scored. Cognitive functions were assessed twice using verbal fluency tests, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (WAIS-R) subtests, the Zoo Map subtest, the Trail Making Test (TMT), self-report tools such as the Dysexecutive Questionnaire – Self (DEX-S) and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), as well as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: Age was negatively correlated with test results, while greater cognitive reserve contributed to better outcomes, which was observed both at baseline and follow-up. The same assessments performed separately for the group of younger (≤55 years of age) and older (≥56 years) adults revealed the negative effect of age in the older group, with less pronounced positive effect of cognitive reserve. Discussion: The results correspond to previous findings. Attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory and planning abilities deteriorate with age. High levels of cognitive reserve account for improvement of these functions both at baseline and at 3 months. However, age, the negative role of which is particularly evident in individuals aged ≥56 years, is the strongest determinant of task performance. Conclusions: The relationship between deteriorated cognitive functions and the protective role of cognitive reserve may vary at different stages of adulthood. Adverse effects of age on cognitive abilities are more pronounced, while the protective effects of cognitive reserve cease in individuals aged ≥56 years. This may indicate that in the presence of other unfavourable factors, such as multimorbidity, cognitive reserve has no significant impact on the ageing trajectory.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44341074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of sexting among high school students: preventive programme proposal","authors":"Arta Dodaj, Kristina Sesar","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2022.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2022.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Encouraged by increasing public and scientific attention, research has made great strides in recent years to improve our understanding of sexting. However, despite these advances, scientifically based and evaluated prevention strategies are not available and are still in development. There is a need to design sexting prevention strategies in order to implement and evaluate them. For this reason, we have developed a comprehensive sexting prevention program, the background, structure, content, and future evaluation of which are presented in this paper. We have proposed a program that needs to be evaluated to train psychologists, parents, and students in order to prevent the negative consequences of sexting and to develop resources for dealing with it.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41649852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathology of anorexia nervosa: a defence from depression. An interpretation according to Massimo Fagioli’s Human Birth Theory – two case reports","authors":"Ludovica Costantino","doi":"10.15557/pipk.2022.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2022.0033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on anorexia nervosa with an emphasis on its onset and treatment, and it particularly addresses two aspects of the disease, which seem completely in contrast with one another – prolonged fasting and recurrent episodes of binge eating/purging behaviour. From a psychopathological viewpoint, these can be considered two symptoms of the same disease, whose psychopathological core is often depression. The anorexic phase is characterised by control of food intake and interpersonal relationships due to a paralysis of affections and mental rigidity, which often provide a schizoid defence against depression and sometimes against fragmentation. In the bulimic phase, a break in this defence reveals violent and uncontrollable affects beneath depression. One possible hypothesis to evaluate would be whether these alternating phases can be overcome if they are interpreted as a false resolution of an intrapsychic conflict as defined by Fagioli’s Human Birth Theory, based on a psychic defence reaction that may arise in newborns, and which he termed annulment pulsion. If pathogenic factors are present in the first year of life, the annulment pulsion may become pathological and can explain the psychosis in anorexia nervosa patients. This paper presents two clinical cases involving two young women, one suffering from anorexia nervosa purging type with self-induced vomiting complicated by comorbid drug abuse and the other suffering from anorexia nervosa binge eating/purging type and comorbid drug and alcohol abuse. Both were successfully treated with psychodynamic psychotherapy (individual and in groups) based on the interpretation of dreams according to Human Birth Theory, which posits that a dream is a thought expressing itself through images. The patients were treated for 4 and 5 years, respectively. The scores on three standardised tools, Eating Disorder Inventory-3, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and Toronto Alexithymia Scale, administered before and at the end of treatment, accurately reflected their baseline condition and their clinical improvement. The treatment induced a reduction or resolution of symptoms and a qualitative improvement in the patients’ oneiric activity. The encouraging outcomes for these patients support the interpretative hypothesis proposed in this article and the value of the approach based on Human Birth Theory in treating anorexia nervosa. Further work on the subject is clearly warranted.","PeriodicalId":42849,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45387487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}