Beyond Exceptionalism最新文献

{"title":"4 “I Have No Shortage of Moors”: Mission, Representation, and the Elusive Semantics of Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Moravian Sources","authors":"Josef Köstlbauer","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-005","url":null,"abstract":"In a letter written in apparent haste to request the expeditious transfer of an enslaved young woman named Cecilia, Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf assured the recipient, Danish plantation owner Johan Lorentz Carstens, that his only concern was for the woman’s soul. “After all,” he added, “I have no shortage of Moors.” Committed to paper as a thoughtless aside seemingly bespeaking aristocratic selfconfidence and sense of entitlement, this statement is remarkable. Not only does it attest to the extension of slavery and the slave trade to Northern and Central Europe, it also provides an insight into howMoravians perceived enslaved men and women living among them in Germany, as well as the motivations for bringing them there. What is more, it represents a small breach of the peculiar silence encountered in the sources when researching the presence of enslaved persons in the Moravian communal settlements (Gemeinorte). Typically, Moravian archives remain mute as far as the ambiguous status and slavery background of Africans or West Indian Creoles living in the communities is concerned. On the surface, they appear as brothers and sisters who ideally provided edifying examples of missionary achievement and spiritual awakening. The experience of slavery – shared in different ways by slaves and enslavers – and its confrontation with Moravian life in Europe stay hidden beneath this surface. Therefore, research on non-Europeans in the Gemeinorte is especially concerned with things left unsaid: It has to contend with the lacunae and omissions in the written discourse.","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115548089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2 Violence, Social Status, and Blackness in Early Modern Germany: The Case of the Black Trumpeter Christian Real (ca. 1643–after 1674)","authors":"Arne Spohr","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-003","url":null,"abstract":"This essay investigates the life of a Black man, Christian Real, who was born in West Africa around 1643, sold into slavery at a young age, and eventually brought to the Holy Roman Empire, where he can be traced from around 1657 to 1674. In contrast to the biographies of many other Black people in early modern Germany, Real’s is exceptionally well documented: Printed and archival sources allow a reconstruction of key moments in his life, experiences whose highly ambiguous character beckons a comparison with biographies of other Black Africans in the Empire. After being baptized in the Free Imperial City of Lindau, Real was brought to the court of Duke Eberhard III of Württemberg in Stuttgart, where he served first as court servant (“Hofmohr” or “court Moor” in contemporary terminology) and later as trumpeter – one of the first Black court trumpeters in the Empire as far as is currently known. Yet while in this prestigious position, he became the victim of a violent attack that almost cost him his life. Walking home from a wine tavern during the night of November 11, 1669, he was attacked by four young men who severely wounded him by disfiguring his face. The criminal investigation of this assault fills over 200 pages of a file entitled “Tödliche Verwundung eines Mohren” (The Severe Injury of a Moor) and kept at the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart.","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121384508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"9 An Augsburg Pastor’s Views on Africans, the Slave Trade, and Slavery: Gottlieb Tobias Wilhelm’s Conversations about Man (1804)","authors":"Mark Häberlein","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-010","url":null,"abstract":"growth of hair, cranium, or something else – , the doubtfulness whether some feature is inher-ited or not; these and various other considerations make it exceedingly difficult to achieve certain progress in this question, which is so important for the history of man. 41 four and bind them by night. The closer the unfortunate [men and women] from the country ’ s interior approach the sea (which they fear very much), the more they fall into a melancholy state, and the sight of white people makes a horrible impression on them since they believe the devil to be white and are under the delusion that the whites eat negroes. Now the slave ship takes on its cargo. Alas, who can bear the sight without a bleeding heart! Thus more than 600 slaves lie tightly packed together in this abominable, stinking abyss of the Liverpool ship, and a diabolical economy knows how to fill the space with as many humans as possible. [. . .] Oh, it is a veritable cave of death, full of pestilential vapors! Imagine the sighs of the unfortunate, the anger of the desperate, the rattle of the dying, the decay of the (thank God!) expired, to whom the survivors often remain shackled for an extensive period – will anyone be surprised to find that some slave ships lose more than half of their cargo? 66 Usually the blacks refuse to take food during the first few days. Yet their tormentors have no difficulty finding a remedy. They bring up the women and children, and whip them with a terrible knotted whiplash, of which every white man on the slave ship has one. It is touching how the wives and children beg the husband and father amidst these lashes to hold firm in his commitment to starving, and prefer death over slavery. Yet it is even more touching that the suffer-ings of his beloved ones are the only thing that moves him [the slave] to finally accept food. But when a storm eventually makes it necessary to close all vents, and when a calm causes rations to become scarce, and the poor negroes are thrown overboard alive, or killed by poi-son – but let us hurry away from this most disgusting part of human history, and follow the poor negro to the destination of his fate. 69","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126767181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133670759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"7 Black Hamburg: People of Asian and African Descent Navigating a Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Job Market","authors":"Annika Bärwald","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-008","url":null,"abstract":"In 1821, an advertisement appeared in a Hamburg newspaper stating that “James Thomson, the Negro baptized here some years ago, born in Congo, twenty-six years of age,” was “currently seeking a new position.” The text asserted that Thomson had since “served in Harburg and Cöthen” – the former a town neighboring Hamburg, the latter the seat of a far-removed principality near Leipzig – and could “provide very laudable attestations from both masters.” He was a capable man who knew “how to handle horses, and he dr[ove] reliably.” Upon his return to Hamburg, Thomson had reconnected with people he had known for at least four years: Georg Bernhard Grautoff, the pastor of the local Church of St. Catherine who had baptized him in 1817 and now provided him with a recommendation, and Anna Margaretha Kasang, Thomson’s godmother and an innkeeper with whom he stayed during his search for a job. Although the advertisement consisted of only a few lines, it made clear that Thomson knew his way around and was acquainted with people he could rely on. Thomson was not the only person of African descent in search of a paying occupation. Within five decades, from 1788 to 1839, at least twenty-one other people of non-European descent sought employment through Hamburg newspapers in similar","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114612995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1 Germany and the Early Modern Atlantic World: Economic Involvement and Historiography","authors":"K. Weber","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133045367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5 Slavery and the Law in Eighteenth-Century Germany","authors":"R. Mallinckrodt","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133170628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6 From Slave Purchases to Child Redemption: A Comparison of Aristocratic and Middle-Class Recruiting Practices for “Exotic” Staff in Habsburg Austria","authors":"Walter Sauer","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116839054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"8 Invisible Products of Slavery: American Medicinals and Dyestuffs in the Holy Roman Empire","authors":"Jutta Wimmler","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-009","url":null,"abstract":"When thinking about the early modern American plantation complex, an image of African slaves working sugar mills or harvesting cotton balls, coffee or cocoa beans, or tobacco leaves comes to mind for most people. Far less likely are associations with slaves cultivating ginger, planting indigo seedlings, scraping pulp from the cassia fistula husks, or grating annatto. It may surprise some readers to learn that African slaves not only did such work on American plantations but that the medicinals and dyestuffs their labor produced were sought-after products that were cultivated in large quantities and sold for considerable profit in Europe. The following contribution uses the Holy Roman Empire as a case study to tackle the question why certain products have been less thoroughly researched than others. In pursuing this issue, I will also show that Central Europe was well-integrated into the Atlantic and global economy both on the economic and on the discursive level. The same American plantation products that were shipped to French, English, or Portuguese","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132243046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"10 “We Do Not Need Any Slaves; We Use Oxen and Horses”: Children’s Letters from Moravian Communities in Central Europe to Slaves’ Children in Suriname (1829)","authors":"Jessica Cronshagen","doi":"10.1515/9783110748833-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428458,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Exceptionalism","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125307457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}