Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Association Between Depressed Mood Changes and Physical Activity Among Adolescents Post COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Jina Jang,&nbsp;Bong-Jo Kim,&nbsp;Cheol-Soon Lee,&nbsp;Boseok Cha,&nbsp;So-Jin Lee,&nbsp;Dongyun Lee,&nbsp;Young-Ji Lee,&nbsp;Eunji Lim,&nbsp;Nuree Kang,&nbsp;Jae-Won Choi","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230043","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, adolescents have experienced decreased physical activity and a decline in mental health. This study analyzed the association between changes in depressed mood after the COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity among adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis was based on the results of the 17th Youth Health Behavior Online Survey conducted in 2021, which included 54848 middle and high school students in South Korea. Information on physical activity included low-intensity physical activity lasting >60 min/day, high-intensity physical activity, and strength training exercises. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between physical activity and changes in depression after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and previous depression, adolescents who performed strength training exercises more than once per week had a 0.95-fold lower risk (odds ratio [OR]=0.948, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.905-0.994, p= 0.027) of increasing depression after the COVID-19 pandemic, while the risk of decreasing depression increased by 1.22-fold (OR=1.215, 95% CI=1.131-1.305, p<0.001). The results were not significant for low-intensity physical activity for >60 min/day and high-intensity physical activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Strength-training exercises are significantly associated with the prevention of depression among adolescents following the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/67/31/jkacap-34-4-242.PMC10568194.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Status and Future Direction for Digital Therapeutics in Children and Adolescent Psychiatry.","authors":"Haemi Choi,&nbsp;Bora Kim,&nbsp;Insoo Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Gu Kang,&nbsp;Yoonjae Lee,&nbsp;Hyowon Lee,&nbsp;Min-Hyeon Park","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230044","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital therapeutics based on software, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, games, and smartphone applications, are in the spotlight as new therapeutic alternatives in child and adolescent psychiatry. It draws attention to overcoming conventional therapeutics' limitations, such as toxicity, cost, and accessibility, and encourages patients to participate in the treatment attractively. The growth potential of the digital therapeutics market for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Korea and abroad has been highlighted. Clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration approvals for digital therapeutics have increased, and cases approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety have emerged in Korea. As seen above, digital transformation in child and adolescent psychiatry will change treatment paradigms significantly. Therefore, as this new field has just begun to emerge, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness and scope of the application of digital therapeutics and consider preparing a compensation system and institutional arrangements. Accordingly, this study analyzed the development trends and application status of digital therapeutics in children and adolescents and presented limitations and development directions from the perspective of application in healthcare. Further, the study is expected to identify the utility and limitations of digital therapeutics for children and adolescents and establish effective application measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/d0/jkacap-34-4-192.PMC10568185.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation: A Study in an Adolescent Sample in an Insular Context.","authors":"Ana Margarida Cunha,&nbsp;Claudia Carmo,&nbsp;Marta Bras","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230031","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adolescents are at risk of suicide. As suicide is a multifactorial process, risk and protective factors are relevant constructs for suicide prediction. This study explored the effects of risk and protective factors on suicidal ideation in adolescents on the island of São Miguel (Azores).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 750 adolescents (male: n=358; 47.7%; mean age=14.67 years; standard deviation=1.85 years) from the island of São Miguel (Azores) completed several measures related to suicidal ideation and associated factors. Using a cross-sectional design, this study conducted descriptive, correlational, predictive, mediation, and moderation analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents generally displayed high levels of risk and protective factors; an indicative proportion exhibited significant suicidal ideation with females presenting the greatest vulnerability. Furthermore, the results highlight that depression is the best predictor of suicidal ideation, however, the association between these variables is mediated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data corroborate that the suicidal reality of adolescents in the Autonomous Region of the Azores is worrisome. Having substantiated the complexity of the suicidal context in young people in the present research, the need to continue studying risk/protective factors in this area is supported.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/39/26/jkacap-34-4-250.PMC10568188.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping With Changes in the World Affecting Children.","authors":"Hee Jeong Yoo","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230060","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230060","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the educational system in Korea has faced significant turmoil related to teacher suicides, heightened awareness of the harassment they endure from parents, and their deep frustration and agony regarding the harsh environment they encounter. The school system is an integral part of the daily lives of children and a critical factor in their development. Therefore, I am deeply concerned about the transformations in classroom dynamics, as reported by teachers following these tragic events. Children must learn from both positive and negative experiences to develop into well-rounded individuals. The process of recovering from minor everyday stresses and conflicts, as well as self-reflection on their own behavior, plays an important role in enhancing their mental resilience and ability to navigate life challenges. Similar to doctor-patient relationships, the relationships within the classroom should maintain clear boundaries among teachers, parents, and children to ensure a safe and effective learning environment. However, it appears that some children are becoming overprotected, and some parents are overly eager to shield them from negative experiences in the outer world. At times, heightened parental anxiety leads to projecting conflicts onto potential authorities, even accusing them of any disadvantages faced by their children. The world surrounding children and adolescents is evolving more rapidly than that of adults. Recent decades have brought about changes in the classroom, mirroring the rapid transitions in society, both positive and negative. For example, an overprotective environment may be a unintended consequence of collective efforts to protect people from significant trauma and stress. Instances of school violence and children adopting a sense of entitlement toward authority figures may reflect an unhealthy shift in the social values regarding power and an excessive focus on external factors, rather than fostering self-reflection. The uncontrollable influence of social media, especially the indiscriminate exposure to harmful content before critical thinking abilities fully develop in the brain, poses a significant challenge. Regulating the production, reproduction, and imitation of this content is proving to be as complex as addressing global climate change. Mental health professionals may, at times, feel helpless in the face of this overwhelming tide. In this issue, our journal addresses another major change in the world affecting children, under the theme of “Digital Therapeutics and Digital Adversity.” It includes current knowledge regarding augmented and virtual reality, digital media used for therapeutic purposes, and metaverses, all within the context of their incorporation into the lives of children as a novel dimension of reality. We have strived to provide a multidisciplinary perspective, encompassing both positive and negative aspects of these developments. Often, progress arises dialectically in response to problems or","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/eb/c5/jkacap-34-4-189.PMC10568190.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Solutions for Mental Health: A Critical Look at the Present Reality.","authors":"Eunjoo Kim","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230059","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e0/5a/jkacap-34-4-190.PMC10568187.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury From Internet Addiction Among Korean Adolescents.","authors":"Honey Kim,&nbsp;Min Jhon,&nbsp;Ju-Wan Kim,&nbsp;Hee-Ju Kang,&nbsp;Seunghyong Ryu,&nbsp;Seon-Young Kim,&nbsp;Sung-Wan Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Min Kim,&nbsp;Il-Seon Shin,&nbsp;Ju-Yeon Lee","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examined the associations between Internet addiction and suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among South Korean adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1694 Korean adolescents. The suicidal Ideation Questionnaire and Deliberate Self- Harm Inventories were used to identify high-risk suicide and NSSI groups, respectively. Internet addiction was assessed using the Internet Addiction Scale. Other questionnaires included sociodemographic data, perceived academic stress, and daily life-related factors. We also performed a logistic regression analysis using the high suicide risk and NSSI groups as dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The high suicide risk and NSSI prevalence rates among participants were 11.8% and 28.3%, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that Internet addiction is associated with higher suicide risk and NSSI. Additionally, being female and academic stress were significant suicide risk factors, while male participants had a higher NSSI prevalence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that monitoring adolescents' Internet use and providing education to prevent Internet addiction would lower high suicide and NSSI risk. Moreover, suicide and NSSI risk screening in adolescents with Internet addiction and providing suitable interventions will be essential for the preventing suicide and NSSI.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7b/99/jkacap-34-3-152.PMC10326352.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9811192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Screen Time on Problematic Behavior in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea.","authors":"Iyeon Kim,&nbsp;Sangha Lee,&nbsp;Su-Jin Yang,&nbsp;Donghee Kim,&nbsp;Hyojin Kim,&nbsp;Yunmi Shin","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a decrease in face-to-face classes worldwide, affecting the mental health of children and their parents. The global pandemic has increased children's overall use of electronic media. This study analyzed the effect of children's screen time on problematic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 186 parents from Suwon, South Korea, were recruited to participate in an online survey. The mean age of the children was 10.14 years old, and 44.1% were females. The questionnaire included questions on children's screen time, problematic behaviors, and parental stress. Children's behavioral problems were evaluated using the Behavior Problem Index, whereas the Parental Stress Scale was used to estimate parental stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean smartphone usage frequency of the children was 5.35 days per week, and the mean smartphone screen time was 3.52 hours per day. Smartphone screen time (Z=4.49, p <0.001) and usage frequency (Z=2.75, p=0.006) were significantly correlated with children's behavioral problem scores. The indirect effect of parental stress on this relationship was also statistically significant (p=0.049, p=0.045, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that children's smartphone screen time has affected problematic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, parental stress is related to the relationship between children's screen time and problematic behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e0/39/jkacap-34-3-175.PMC10326351.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10187984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comorbid Psychiatric Symptom Associated With Oppositional Defiant Symptom in Community School-Age Children.","authors":"Yong Hun Kim, Duk-Soo Moon, Na Ri Kang","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230026","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders in childhood. This study aimed to investigate comorbid psychiatric symptoms and associated factors in elementary school children with symptoms of ODD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants consisted of 205 mother-offspring pairs. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Diagnostic Predictive Scales and Korean Child Behavior Checklist. Psychiatric comorbid symptoms were compared between children with ODD symptom and those without ODD symptom. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio of psychiatric symptom on ODD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ODD group had a significant association with internalizing and externalizing problem (p=0.001, p<0.001, respectively). ODD group were more comorbid with anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Among psychiatric disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=18.620, p<0.001) and conduct disorder (AOR=9.529, p=0.014) were associated with ODD symptom.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that children with ODD symptom had significantly higher rates of comorbid psychiatric symptoms. And GAD and conduct disorder are related to ODD symptom.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/bb/jkacap-34-3-169.PMC10326355.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9811196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of the Comprehensive Attention Test and the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.","authors":"Min-Su Jang,&nbsp;Sang-Keun Chung,&nbsp;Jong-Chul Yang,&nbsp;Jong-Il Park,&nbsp;Joo-Han Kwon,&nbsp;Tae-Won Park","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Comprehensive Attention Test, Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV scores in children and adolescents with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-five children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and not taking psychiatric medications were included in this retrospective study. A correlation analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although simple visual and auditory selective attention have diagnostic value in traditional continuous performance tests, this study revealed that inhibition-sustained attention and interference-selective attention are also effective in evaluating ADHD. Furthermore, the correlation between the attention and intelligence test scores varied depending on the use of visual or auditory stimuli.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study contribute to clarifying our understanding of the cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD and can be used in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4f/67/jkacap-34-3-181.PMC10326354.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9808380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Emotional Dysregulation in Male and Female Young Adults: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Daphnee Thomas,&nbsp;Celine Bonnaire","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been theoretically, clinically, and empirically associated with emotional dysregulation. NSSI is a means of regulating emotional states, particularly negative emotions. However, empirical studies on this topic are scarce and the literature lacks qualitative research on individuals' perceptions and comprehension of the function of self-injury. Thus, this qualitative study aimed to provide novel insights into the relationship between NSSI and emotional dysregulation in young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve participants (mean age=22.7 years, 9 females and 3 males) from different support groups and a healthcare center participated in semi-structured interviews on NSSI-related emotional processes. Three aspects were investigated: reasons for NSSI, function of NSSI, and emotions. Each interview was voice recorded and typically lasted between 20 and 40 minutes. All responses were analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four major themes were identified. The results showed that NSSI had both intrapersonal and interpersonal functions, within which emotional regulation played a significant role. NSSI was also used to regulate positive emotions. The results also showed a sequence of emotions among the participants, going from feeling overwhelmed to feeling relatively calm but guilty.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NSSI has several functions for the same individual. Thus, it would be interesting to provide integrative therapy, such as emotion-focused therapy, which focus on improving intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation skills and strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/88/d8/jkacap-34-3-159.PMC10326353.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10187983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}