PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Macroeconomic Consequences of Tariffs","authors":"D. Furceri, Swarnali Ahmed Hannan, J. Ostry, A. Rose","doi":"10.3386/W25402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25402","url":null,"abstract":"We study the macroeconomic consequences of tariffs. We estimate impulse response functions from local projections using a panel of annual data that spans 151 countries over 1963-2014. We find that tariff increases lead, in the medium term, to economically and statistically significant declines in domestic output and productivity. Tariff increases also result in more unemployment, higher inequality, and real exchange rate appreciation, but only small effects on the trade balance. The effects on output and productivity tend to be magnified when tariffs rise during expansions, for advanced economies, and when tariffs go up, not down. Our results are robust to a large number of perturbations to our methodology, and we complement our analysis with industry-level data.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131476473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fairness Screening of International Investments as an Instrument of EU External Trade and Investment Governance","authors":"Jens Hillebrand Pohl","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3286279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3286279","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s multipolar world economy, the societal values and interests that underpin the European project are not shared and protected by all of the EU’s global economic partners. Economic advantage may entice countries to abandon the pursuit of political, social and economic fairness for purposes of attracting foreign investment. Recent EU free trade agreements, such as CETA, have pioneered limited protection against this risk in the area of basic labour and environmental standards. This paper explores a more ambitious, comprehensive framework for how individual rights associated with basic notions of societal fairness could be protected, not by treaty, but indirectly via multinational enterprises as the agents of globalization. It presents a proposal for a coordinated system of inward and outward investment screening to ensure the protection of such rights under existing international commitments and instruments. The paper outlines the areas of further research essential to rendering such a framework operational.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130010781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem and the Mexican Economy 1980, 1990, 2003 and 2013","authors":"Pablo Ruiz Nápoles","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3368602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368602","url":null,"abstract":"Neoclassical trade theory is largely based on the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem. This proposition has survived all criticisms for many decades and it is still the basis for orthodox free-market trade policies. The theorem has been tested by various methodologies under different scenarios. Still, the most cited test was conducted by Wassily Leontief for the US economy using its 1947 input-output table. However, his results contradicted the theorem’s predictions, which gave rise to the so-called, ‘Leontief paradox’. We test the H-O theorem as applied to the Mexican economy to find out whether the economic strategy with free trade has bolstered Mexico’s comparative advantages based on its relative factor endowments, as the theorem maintains. Our results clearly show that the H-O theorem does not apply to Mexico in the period following trade liberalization.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122554625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marriage of the Unwilling? The Implication of Trade Liberalization for the Ghanaian Economy (El matrimonio de lo indispuesto? La implicación de la liberalización del comercio para la economía de Ghana)","authors":"Robert Becker Pickson, Wonder Agbenyo, Joe Niifio","doi":"10.14349/SUMNEG/2019.V10.N21.A9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14349/SUMNEG/2019.V10.N21.A9","url":null,"abstract":"<b>English Abstract:</b> The reaction of growth to trade liberalization has varied considerably across countries, with most countries gaining, but others being adversely affected by trade liberalization. Therefore, this study sought to examine the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Ghana. The study used annual time series data covering the period of 1970-2016. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality test, the study found that trade openness (proxied for trade liberalization), inflation, and population growth negatively affect the growth rate of the Ghanaian economy in the long-run, whilst exchange rate has a significant and long-run positive effect on economic growth. Also, investment has no impact on economic growth in the long-run. The study further indicated that only inflation and population growth have significant impacts on economic growth in the short-run. The results of the Granger causality test showed that there exists no complementary relationship between trade openness and economic growth in the short-run in Ghana. <br><br><b>Spanish Abstract:</b> La reacción del crecimiento a la liberalización del comercio ha variado considerablemente entre los países, y la mayoría de los países están ganando, pero otros se ven perjudicados por la liberalización del comercio. Por lo tanto, este estudio buscó examinar la relación entre la liberalización del comercio y el crecimiento económico en Ghana. El estudio utilizó datos anuales de la serie de tiempo que cubrían el período de 1970-2016. Usando el modelo de Lag distribuida autoregresiva (ARDL) y el test de causalidad de Granger, el estudio encontró que la apertura comercial (proxy para la liberalización comercial), la inflación y el crecimiento demográfico afectan negativamente la tasa de crecimiento de la economía de Ghana a largo plazo, mientras que el tipo de cambio tiene un efecto positivo significativo y a largo plazo sobre el crecimiento económico. Además, la inversión no tiene ningún impacto en el crecimiento económico a largo plazo. El estudio indicó además que sólo la inflación y el crecimiento demográfico tienen impactos significativos en el crecimiento económico a corto plazo. Los resultados de la prueba de causalidad de Granger mostraron que no existe ninguna relación complementaria entre la apertura comercial y el crecimiento económico en el corto plazo en Ghana.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124221916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contents and Features of Dispute Settlement Under US-Jordan FTA: An Appraisal","authors":"B. Malkawi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3298307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3298307","url":null,"abstract":"In the area of dispute resolution, the U.S. FTAs with Arab countries share some commonalities. However, the US – JO FTA clearly differs from other U.S. FTAs with Arab countries. Areas of difference include treatment of perishable goods, appeal, panel report, and implementation of panel report. The dispute settlement mechanism in the US – JO FTA can be improved in several concrete ways.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128301491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Non-Tariff Bariers in Agri-Food Trade Between Poland and the Czech Republic on the Intra-EU Market","authors":"Adam A. Ambroziak, R. Grochowska","doi":"10.30858/ZER/94475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/ZER/94475","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aimed identification of mechanisms of non-tariff barriers used by the EU Member States that affect the intra-EU exchange of agri-food products on the example of the trade between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the beginning the paper presents, the main theoretical assumptions of the free movement of goods, based on subsequent economic integration stages according to Balassa. Next it discusses, examples of the identified actions of the Czech Republic against the agri-food products imported from Poland, together with an analysis of potential economic mechanisms resulting from these activities. The next section presents the statistical effects of trade exchange, which allows us to formulate conclusions regarding the potential consequences of the barriers. On the basis of the analysis, it was found that soft non-tariff barriers on the Czech market have not brought any significant negative effects for the overall Polish exports of agri-food products to the Czech Republic. The negative consequences have been borne by individual traders, who according to the Czech authorities offered products that do not meet the requirements. Moreover, our study identified traditional non-tariff barriers introduced on the Czech market for export of all food suppliers which led to the collapse of exports from Poland, while at the same time the growth of the main suppliers from other EU Member States continued to grow.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131644854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Service Outsourcing: The Home, the Host and the Provider","authors":"A. G. Goswami","doi":"10.1111/roie.12343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12343","url":null,"abstract":"Although offshoring service providers have grown meteorically in the last two decades, the phenomenon is still primarily analyzed through the lens of a home country and its firms. This paper presents a framework for explaining some of the stylized facts of the offshore service provider industry. The model characterizes the service choice of offshore service providers under alternative skill distribution and also explains why complex service providers employ more skilled workers, pay higher wages, and have a lower scale of provision. Finally, it sheds light on the relationship between partnering country sizes and wage inequality.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133714255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Welfare Gains in the Armington, Krugman and Melitz Models: Insights Based on a Structural Gravity Approach","authors":"Edward J. Balistreri, David G. Tarr","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3311155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3311155","url":null,"abstract":"How large are the estimated gains from trade from a reduction in trade costs in the heterogeneous firms Melitz (M) model compared with the Armington (A) and Krugman (K) models? Surprisingly little is known beyond the one-sector model. This paper analyzes this question using a global trade model that contains ten regions and various numbers of sectors (1-10). Following Arkolakis et al. (2012), the analysis holds the local trade response constant across the model comparisons based on a structural gravity estimate. Various model features and scenarios are introduced that are important to real economies, almost none of which has been examined across the three market structures with a constant trade response. In response to global reductions in iceberg trade costs, in all the multi-sector models, the ranking of global welfare gains is Melitz > Krugman > Armington; and the Krugman model captures between 75 and 95 percent on the additional gains above the Armington model that are estimated by the Melitz model. However, for individual regions, there are numerous cases of reversed welfare rankings. i.e., Melitz Krugman > Armington. For individual regions, however, the welfare ranking of the Armington, Krugman and Melitz market structures is model, data, parameter and scenario dependent. The results highlight the need for data and structural considerations in policy analysis.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133539886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Big Countries Always Win a Tariff War? A Reappraisal","authors":"J. Kilolo","doi":"10.1111/rode.12525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12525","url":null,"abstract":"In their seminal paper, Kennan and Riezman () show that a “sufficiently” big country is better off under a tariff war compared to free trade. This prediction derived in a setting where market power stems from differences in factor endowments, is somehow puzzling, as the majority of free trade agreements notified to the GATT/WTO are initiated by large rather than small economies. To resolve this puzzle, I use a modified version of the Kennan and Riezman () model to show that the outcomes of a tariff war depend not only on countries’ endowment sizes, but also on consumption requirements. In particular, free trade benefits two asymmetric countries if the subsistence level of consumption in the large country is sufficiently higher than in the small country. In addition, free trade between symmetric countries may harm the country with a lower subsistence level of consumption. The theoretical framework presented in this paper supports the idea that even small countries enjoy some market power and thus helps understand why large economies seek free trade in natural resources with smaller commercial partners.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130654487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Freezing of the Unfrozen Moment: The Importance of Timing and Sequencing in Trade Negotiations","authors":"Shanker A. Singham","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3853632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3853632","url":null,"abstract":"The timing and sequencing of trade negotiations is a subject that does not command much attention from commentators. Yet, many of the substantive discussions are in danger of becoming academic if this issue is not better understood. By contrast, the EU has shown a much stronger mastery of how the timing can be used to their advantage. The EU is the master of running the clock out on negotiations, and of setting up the chessboard to limit the parties’ freedom of action.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120822151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}