Social Evolution & History最新文献_第6页

The Complexity of Nomadic Empires 游牧帝国的复杂性

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.30884/seh/2019.02.08

J. D. Rogers

{"title":"The Complexity of Nomadic Empires","authors":"J. D. Rogers","doi":"10.30884/seh/2019.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.02.08","url":null,"abstract":"The culture and organization of human societies encompasses differing levels of complexity. Generally, there are two types of complexity that are most recognizable: first, those represented by the social interactions and cultural practices of everyday life, periodic ceremonial practices as part of religion, and cultural traditions. A second type of complexity is recognizable through social institutions, especially control hierarchies, bureaucratic functions, and networks of interactions across social and political boundaries. Among the pastoralist/nomadic polities of Central and Inner Asia we know many aspects of complexity in general outline, but seldom in detail. Through the use of social theory, document analysis, ethnography, and archaeology new details and interpretations continue to emerge. Taken together, these new forms of information are beginning to allow the kinds of research I propose below. The articles in this volume contribute numerous new details and ways of interpretation within the context of several different theories. In this article I will selectively highlight a few of these ideas by focusing on specific themes that I think will help place our collective work within a global context and in relation to emerging theories and methodologies. The themes I focus on include the concepts of complexity, theories that account for dynamic processes, forms of political power, and comparative analysis concerning how the pastoralist polities fit within general theories of culture change.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44712110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Acervo de poesias 诗集

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-08-22 DOI: 10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0004

Aluísio Vasconcelos de Carvalho

引用次数: 0

Diferenças 差异

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-08-21 DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.001.0003

Aila Sophia Scientia Silva

引用次数: 0

Acervo fotográfico da Expedição Tapajós, Pará, Brasil tapajos探险队的摄影收藏，para，巴西

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-08-16 DOI: 10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0002

C. E. Silva

{"title":"Acervo fotográfico da Expedição Tapajós, Pará, Brasil","authors":"C. E. Silva","doi":"10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Realizada entre 05 e 07 de julho de 2018, a Expedição Tapajós teve o objetivo de explorar fotograficamente a margem do Rio Tapajós entre Alter do Chão (praia paradisíaca do Pará, Brasil) e a Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. A FLONA Tapajós foi criada em 1974 e desde então protege a biodiversidade do lugar. A região foi foco de intensa exploração da borracha, especialmente na cidade de Belterra, que em 1934 foi fundada por Henry Ford. O expedicionário Carlos Eduardo Silva (Cadu Silva) iniciou os trabalhos na tarde de 05 de julho de 2018, com o reconhecimento da praia de Alter do Chão, contatos logísticos, e uma trilha até a Serra da Piraoca. O dia 06 de julho iniciou com o trajeto fotográfico da Praia do Cajueiro (Alter do Chão) pela margem esquerda de subida do Rio Tapajós até a Comunidade de Jamaraquá na FLONA Tapajós, em trajeto de 38 km de barco com duração de 3,5h ida e 3,5h volta. Na Comunidade Jamaraquá foi possível apreciar o contato com turistas de outras países, culinária local e trilhas pela floresta, com especial destaque para a gigantesca árvore chamada Vovózona. O dia 07 de julho foi utilizado para tratamento das fotografias, e logística de retorno até Aracaju (SE).","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"22 6 Pt 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83600028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Liberdade 自由

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-08-15 DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.001.0001

Cláudia Divina de Oliveira Brito

引用次数: 0

A New Era of Machinery: Will the Accumulation of Capital Grow and Labor Intensity Decrease? 机器的新时代:资本积累会增长而劳动强度会下降吗?

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.30884/SEH/2019.01.04

A. Akaev, Artícles, A. Rudskoi, A. Sarygulov, V. Sokolov

{"title":"A New Era of Machinery: Will the Accumulation of Capital Grow and Labor Intensity Decrease?","authors":"A. Akaev, Artícles, A. Rudskoi, A. Sarygulov, V. Sokolov","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. In the present paper we undertake such an attempt. Almost ten years after the start of the last economic crisis, the world economy is looking for the most effective plans for recovery. Such recovery is often associated with the fourth industrial revolution, in which the technological factor becomes a key driver of development. However, like any technological breakthrough, it will bring not only ‘roses of prosperity’ but ‘prickly thorns’ of disappointment as well. The key challenges will be the provision of a new quality of economic growth and addressing the associated employment problem. In this paper, we attempt to show the trends in the ratio between capital and output, as well as the possible effects on employment in the industrialized countries and China until 2050. We used a modified production function with labor-saving technological progress. It is shown that by 2050 the capital-output ratio will not undergo significant changes, and in case of a rejection of institutional reforms and legislative diversification of new types of labor activity in different segments of the economy, there may be a decrease in the number of employed by an average of 20 per cent. Social Evolution & History / March 2019 68 INTRODUCTION In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. Such an attempt is undertaken in the present paper. Despite the considerable efforts made by financial regulators to overcome the consequences of the 2008–2009 crisis, the economies of industrially developed countries show sluggish growth. In the case of the US economy, this was described as ‘secular stagnation’ (Summers 2014). Researchers who analyzed more than ten years of stagnation in the Japanese economy cited low efficiency of capital use as a reason (Ando, Christeris, and Miyagawa 2003; Hayashi 2006). The same process was named ‘Stagnation Traps’ (Benigno and Fornaro 2015), when under conditions of pessimistic expectations, the gap between large volumes of production and low growth rates can coexist. In their joint study, the Japanese and Korean economists consider the extremely low rate of capital expenditures for development as the reason for the stagnation of the Japanese economy. Thus, there is a clear trend that has been defined in economic policy to overcome stagnation: stimulation of aggregate demand, a policy of maintaining a low interest rate, new investments in the economy and a number of other regulatory measures. At the same time, another way has been outlined to solve the problem of economic stagnation: the search for new technological solutions that could qualitatively change the entire economic landscape and give a new impetus to developme","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46417667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization in the Chinese Early States “邦”作为中国早期国家的社区行政组织

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.30884/SEH/2019.01.10

Shen Changyun

{"title":"‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization in the Chinese Early States","authors":"Shen Changyun","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted by scholars from China and overseas that China has entered the phase of state in Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties (though some foreign scholars do not acknowledge the existence of Xia dynasty). However, they were best categorized as early states, since they held some vestiges of pre-state. Specifically, kinships and correspondent organizations adopted from primitive clan society still played important and expansive functions, which was imprinted on the community administrative organizations of the three dynasties and reflected in the management and manipulation of the state over these organizations. ‘Bang’ (chiefdom), inherited from clan society, was the unit of the community administrative organization in that era. The central management over chiefdoms was a ‘ji fu’ (or ‘fu’) system, which, based on differences in consanguinity, stipulated and distributed a gradient of obligations to ‘inner and outer domains’ (see part 3 and 4). It was clearly different from the region-based family registry system developed in mature states in the Warring States period, and Qin and Han dynasties. The following passages will explore relevant historical records and provide a detailed analysis on the community administrative organization in Chinese early states. ‘THE LAND UNDER HEAVEN’ WITH MYRIAD CHIEFDOMS People in the three dynasties named their states as the ‘tian xia’ (the land under heaven), which comprised ‘zhong yang’ (the center) and ‘si fang’ (the four quarters). ‘Tian xia’ was formed by many ‘bang’ Shen Changyun / ‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization 181 with different sizes, so they were also referred as ‘tian xia wan bang’ (myriad chiefdoms on the land under heaven). During Chinese early states, a major chiefdom in the center reigned minor chiefdoms at its periphery. Records and documents of Zhou dynasty indicate that the ‘tian xia wan bang’ pattern was well-established. For instance, Qiang pan, a famous bronze vessel (basin) manufactured in Zhou dynasty has an inscription, saying that ‘The heavenly King Wen... humbly owned the land under heaven, and unified myriad chiefdoms’. It shows that the government of King Wen was extoled by chiefdoms; while people in Zhou considered King Wen as the founder of their state. ‘Luogao’ (Announcement Concerning Luo; 洛诰) in Shangshu (The Book of Documents) records the comment of Zhougong (the Duke of Zhou) on the significance of Luoyi (Luo) that ‘from this time, by the government administered in this central spot, all the states will be conducted to repose.’ Myriad chiefdoms would be perfectly governed by Zhou's officers from the center of the land. The poem ‘Daya: Wenwang’ (Greater Odes of the Kingdom: King Wen; 大雅文王 · ), in Shijing (The Book of Poetry) says that ‘The doings of High Heaven, / Have neither sound nor smell. / Take your pattern from king Wen, / And the myriad regions will repose confidence in you.’ The logos is subtle, but if one imitates the deed of King Wen, he would","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

State and Empire in Early Mesopotamia 美索不达米亚早期的国家与帝国

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.30884/SEH/2019.01.11

Xianhua Wang

{"title":"State and Empire in Early Mesopotamia","authors":"Xianhua Wang","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.11","url":null,"abstract":"Early Mesopotamia in practical use refers to ancient Mesopotamia from the Late Uruk Period to the Ur III Period or the Old Babylonian Period and geographically it includes the watersheds of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, now divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey (Pournelle 2013; cf. Sherratt 2004; Wright and Johnson 1975). Regarded as one of the few regions in the world that saw civilization, early Mesopotamia has been featuring heavy in discussions of the important ‘firsts’, the most significant of which would be the emergence of the primary state (Childe 1952; Trigger 2003; Wittfogel 1957). In our division of academic labour, the emergence of the primary state is mostly a topic for the archaeologists and anthropologists, while the traditional historian seldom gets his hands dirty in such theoretical issues. In light of recent rethinkings of fundamental assumptions in modern historiography (Smail 2005; Smail and Shryock 2013), however, it becomes urgent to look for an integrated view of history from its rightful beginning. The following is one attempt as such at the dynamic emergence and the characteristics of the earliest state societies in early Mesopotamia with special attention to the integration of theoretical discussions and insights from philological research (cf. Forest 2005; Postgate 1994a; Stein 2005).","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Precession of Simulacra of the Great Terror and Dissolution of the Communist Party of Poland (1936–1938) 模拟大恐怖的推进与波兰共产党的解散（1936–1938）

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.30884/seh/2019.01.03

I. Rymar

引用次数: 0

The Currency of the Russian Empire in the Culture of the Yugra Indi- genous Peoples: Practical Aspects of Colonialism and Reflections on Multiculturalism 俄罗斯帝国在尤格拉土著民族文化中的货币:殖民主义的实践方面和对多元文化主义的反思

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Social Evolution & History Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.30884/SEH/2019.01.09

O. Naumenko, Julia A. Bortnikova, E. E. Naumenko

引用次数: 2