Frontiers in Blockchain最新文献

{"title":"To join or not to join?–A framework for the evaluation of enterprise blockchain consortia","authors":"Max Schwarzer, Tan Gürpinar, M. Henke","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.935346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.935346","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past years, enterprise blockchain solutions were frequently developed within different industry consortia. In most cases, this resulted in isolated solutions competing against each other due to similar approaches and goals. Today, decision makers do not necessarily need to establish entirely new blockchain consortia, as established ones already exist, and participation is a considerable way to avoid unreasonable efforts. In this paper, we apply an iterative literature review to identify different factors relevant for practitioners, who face the challenge of joining an existing enterprise blockchain consortium. In a second step, we discuss these factors utilizing supply chain management as a role model. As a main finding, we propose an evaluation framework for the purpose of enterprise blockchain consortium analysis. Additionally, we provide several questions relevant for practitioners during their evaluation stages. With our evaluation framework we contribute to blockchain research, where - despite its high relevance - the topic of consortium evaluation has so far been neglected. We also contribute to research in the field of technology evaluation by proposing and merging five different evaluation dimensions.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114234194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Establishing Self Sovereign Identity with Blockchain","authors":"Alan Sherriff, Kaliya Young, M. Shea","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.955868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.955868","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122957138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A field test of a federated learning/federated analytic blockchain network implementation in an HPC environment","authors":"James Short, Ken Miyachi, C. Toouli, Steve Todd","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.893747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.893747","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid upswing in interest in federated learning (FL) and federated analytics (FA) architectures has corresponded with the rapid increase in commercial AI software products, ranging from face detection and language translation to connected IOT devices, smartphones, and autonomous vehicles equipped with high-resolution sensors. However, the traditional client-server model does not readily address questions of data ownership, privacy, and data location in the context of the multiple datasets required for machine learning. In this paper, we report on a pilot distributed ledger and smart contract network model, designed to track analytic jobs in an HPC supercomputing environment. The test system design integrates the FL/FA model into a blockchain-based network architecture, wherein the test system records interactions with the global server and blockchain network. The design goal is to create a secure audit trail of supercomputer analytic operations and the ability to securely federate those operations across multiple supercomputer deployments. As there are still relatively few real-world applications of FL/FA models and blockchain networks in use, our system design, test deployment, and sample code are intended to provide interested researchers with exploratory tools for future research.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115295108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Shuffled Replay of Events on Uniswap","authors":"Imon Palit","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.745101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.745101","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce a new zero-intelligence framework to analyse price formation in a cryptocurrency decentralised exchange (DEX) combining agent-based modelling and real trading history. We shuffle real Uniswap order event data and replay back into the automatic market maker (AMM) matching mechanism. We study how decomposing real markets down from bounded rationality to zero-intelligence markets in a controlled experiment affects liquidity provider’s impermanent loss, trade slippage and price efficiency.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125043731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmenting Blockchain With Competition Law for a Sustainable Economic Evolution","authors":"S. Yawar, Rahul Shaw","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.931246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.931246","url":null,"abstract":"Since its introduction, blockchain technology has been revered, ridiculed, dismissed, embraced, and presently has become too large to ignore, witnessing exponential growth. The obvious indicator of this growth is that research revolving around blockchain technology has already raised competition in the form of directed acyclic graphs and hashgraph, all of which fall under the umbrella of distributed ledger technology (DLT). Segueing on the back of visibly positive effects of competition, we arrive at the essence of our paper. We show that the current competition regimes around the world are inefficient at promoting and maintaining competition around the world, dominated by the behemoth technology enterprises that have successfully monopolized and monetized data, which is indubitably, one of the most important assets in today’s digital age. Data gathered from users fuels the algorithms, machine learning, and artificial intelligence programs employed by these tech giants, which further entrenches their monopolistic hold over cyberspace. Blockchain and DLTs, just like any other technology, pose new threats to the competition law regimes, while also allowing the authorities to utilize the technology themselves to explore new horizons involving smart contracts, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), Web 3.0, and enforce competition more effectively. In our paper, we briefly illustrate the challenges presented before the competition authorities by the assimilation of blockchain in the existing establishments, and how the competition authorities can themselves collude with blockchain stakeholders to take a holistic approach and establish a symbiotic relationship, which ensures that both, survive, prosper, and enhance consumer welfare.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence for Demystifying Blockchain Technology Challenges: A Survey of Recent Advances","authors":"Olayemi Mikail Olaniyi, A. A. Alfa, Buhari U. Umar","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.927006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.927006","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology has gained lots of traction in the past five years due to the innovations introduced in digital currency, the Bitcoin. This technology is powered by distributed ledger technology, which is a distributed database system. It is often renowned for decentralization, anti-attack, and unfalsified attributes making it a top choice in several non-monetary applications. In fact, the problem of privacy and security of the Internet of Things has been undertaken aggressively with Blockchain. Several problems have been identified with blockchain technology such as large delays and lack of support for real-time transaction processing, authorization, node verification, and consensus mechanisms. This article intends to provide a comprehensive survey on the recent advances and solutions to the problems of blockchain technology by leveraging the artificial intelligence approaches. The outcomes of this study will provide valuable information and guidance on the design of Blockchain-based systems to support time-sensitive and real-time specific applications and processes.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125228656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Government by Code? Blockchain Applications to Public Sector Governance","authors":"Pedro J. Bustamante, Meina Cai, Marcela M. Gomez, C. Harris, P. Krishnamurthy, Wilson Law, M. J. Madison, I. Murtazashvili, J. Murtazashvili, Tymofiy Mylovanov, N. Shapoval, Annette Vee, Martin Weiss","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.869665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.869665","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of blockchain governance can be divided into analyses of the governance of blockchains (such as rules and power dynamics within a given network) and governance by blockchains (such as how blockchains can be implemented to improve self-governance of community-based peer production networks). Less emphasis has been placed on applications of distributed ledgers to public sector governance. Our review clarifies that the decentralization and distributive features that enable blockchains to link up loosely connected private organizations and public agencies to improve efficiency and transparency of government transactions. However, most blockchain applications lack clear advantages over the conventional digital recording of information. In addition, our review highlights that blockchain applications in public sector governance are potentially vast, though in most instances, the existing applications have not extended much beyond limited-scale pilots. We conclude with a call for the construction of indexes of public sector implementations of blockchains, as none yet exist, as well as for additional research to understand why governments have not deployed blockchains more widely.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133243157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paillier Cryptosystem Based ChainNode for Secure Electronic Voting","authors":"Buhari U. Umar, Olayemi Mikail Olaniyi, Daniel Oluwaseun Olajide, E. Dogo","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.927013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.927013","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger of transactions that are linked together cryptographically leading to immutability and tamper-resistance, thereby ensuring the integrity of data. Due to the ability of blockchain to guarantee the integrity of data, it has found wide-range adoption in electronic voting (e-voting) systems in recent years, this is in a bid to prevent manipulation of votes. However, due to the distributed nature of the blockchain, opportunities arise for privacy intrusion of the data being secured. The translation of this privacy flaw in blockchain to e-voting systems is the possibility of violation of the privacy of the electorates. Consequently, in a bid to achieve integrity and privacy of votes in e-voting, this study presents the use of an open-source blockchain system, coupled with a privacy-oriented cryptosystem known as the Paillier cryptosystem, towards addressing the privacy concerns of the blockchain. The performance of the system was evaluated and a transaction throughput of 1424 tps was obtained for ten thousand simulated ballot transactions. Further evaluation was carried out on the system, by increasing the number of system transactions. This showed that the mining time of the blockchain increased by an average factor of 0.18 s for every thousand increases in the number of transactions. Also, the response time of the system to a range of user actions was evaluated over an increasing number of voters. Results obtained showed that the response time of the system for vote casting operations increased by an average of 0.33 min per thousand voters while for vote tallying there was an increase in response time by an average of 0.848 min per thousand voters. The scientific value of this study is the development of an integrity and privacy-preserving e-voting system consisting of an open-source nodechain coupled with a privacy-oriented cryptosystem known as the Paillier cryptosystem following the security requirements of e-voting systems. The proposed system addresses the issue of integrity in e-voting while still maintaining the privacy of the electorates.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125149327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Event-Based Supply Chain Network Modeling: Blockchain for Good Coffee","authors":"S. Bager, Boris Düdder, F. Henglein, Juan Manuel Hébert, Haiqin Wu","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.846783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.846783","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain and distributed ledger technology (BC/DLT) provides distributed databases with decentralized governance, tamper-proof recording, high availability and non-copyable digital assets, which have made it a natural technological basis for supply chain management. In this paper, we introduce REALISTIC, a novel event-based modeling framework for supply chain networks (SCNs) that includes production processes. It extends McCarty’s Resources-Events-Agents (REA) accounting model with secure transformations, which, across the entire SCN, guarantee that certified output resources cannot be digitally produced ex nihilo, but require certified input resources of at least the same amount as what is produced. This generalizes the no-double-spend guarantee of current BC/DLT to (digital twins of) physical resources and their production. Authenticated human or robotic Internet of Things (IoT) actors digitally sign and cryptographically commit to the veracity of real-world events on an immutable database, without having to take responsibility for their aggregate consequences. User-specifiable interpretations, corresponding to queries and analytical functions in database systems, provide auditable aggregate information computed from recorded events across the entire SCN. This includes fine-grained and trustworthy tracing of final products through multiple stages of production processes, semi-finished products, quality certifications and transportation all the way back to their raw materials. We present a case study for an end-to-end coffee supply chain that tracks fine-grained and detailed information from a farmer’s coffee cherries to retail coffee bags, involving all its actors. Our model handles product provenance; auditable sustainability, quality and trade information; production processes from parchment via green to roasted coffee; product quality tests; farmer certifications; and transportation across the entire coffee supply chain. It is based on field work involving farmers, cooperatives, processors, traders, importers, and a major roasting company stretching from Colombia to Scandinavia. Its REALISTIC-based modeling is the foundation for the design of our prototype implementation, which includes Ethereum blockchain code, RDBMS-based server code and a web app client. Their source code is publicly available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Emerging Technologies and Blockchain in Action: Applications in Supply Chain Management and Energy","authors":"M. Henke, René Hüsler, Tan Gürpinar","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.765200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.765200","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology established itself as a research subject in various scientific disciplines and as an enabling technology in various indiustries. In supply chain management and energy, blockchain applications establish trustful and traceable relations between multiple organizations (Guerpinar et al., 2020a; Düdder et al.). By securing data in a unique way, organizations are enabled to come to a consensus without any central authority involved. Furthermore, processes and transactions are executed in a trustful, transparent manner and automatized by the utilization of blockchain-based smart contracts (Jakob et al., 2018; Guerpinar et al., 2020b). Still, enterprises only recently begin to adopt the technology and scholars yet see a lot of open research questions in multiple disciplines (Gürpinar et al., 2019; Grosse et al., 2021). While enterprises profit from initiatives like Blockchain Europe that built communities, connect players in the blockchain space and offer open source solutions, we encourage academic scholars to submit their ideas for articles to our research topic and take forward blockchain research in supply chain management and energy together with our team of reviewers and editors. The article series that was recently published in our research topic offers insights into how blockchain technology improves both the supply chain management and energy sector. The first part of the series starts with an overarching analysis of blockchain projects covering the years from 2010 to 2020 and sheds light on the interdisciplinary character of the technology that can be observed from multiple perspectives. The second part continues with a focus on concrete blockchain applications. Here, the use of intelligent smart contracts is explained and illustrates the necessitiy of various enterprise functions to successfully utilize the technology as outlined in the first part. The series concludes by introducing two more applications: a framework for supply chain provenance and a multi-stakeholder approach for transactive energy systems. Edited and reviewed by: Roman Vitenberg, University of Oslo, Norway","PeriodicalId":426570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126037609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}