Polish Journal of Otolaryngology最新文献

{"title":"A rapid parallel increase in the incidence and mortality of head and neck cancer among the Polish elderly over the last two decades and upward trends until 2035.","authors":"Jarosław Markowski, Wioletta Pietruszewska, Boguslaw Mikaszewski, Dariusz Jurkiewicz, Marek Rogowski, Adam Maciejczyk, Kazimierz Niemczyk, Janusz Klatka, Małgorzata Wierzbicka","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.8131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence and mortality have increased significantly among the elderly in Poland over the last two decades. This trend reflects the challenges of an aging population and underscores the need for specialized cancer care for seniors.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The study aimed to analyze the morbidity and mortality of HNC among the elderly (ages 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) in Poland between 1999 and 2021, and predict trends until 2035, emphasizing the dynamics in the 80+ age group.&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; Data from the Polish National Cancer Register were analyzed, focusing on specific HNC types classified by ICD10 codes. Regression and correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the significance of trends in absolute and relative cases and mortality. The analysis used a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons to determine statistical significance.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; A significant increase in HNC cases and mortality was observed across all age groups, with the steepest relative growth in the 80+ cohort. Absolute case increases were similar for the 70-79 and 80+ cohorts, while the relative increase was highest in the 60-69 and 80+ groups. Mortality trends mirrored incidence trends, with men showing a higher increase in the 80+ group, while women had significant increases in the 60-69 cohort.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The findings highlight a rapid rise in HNC incidence and mortality among the elderly in Poland, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment strategies, particularly for the 80+ age group. There is a growing demand for specialized care to optimize treatment outcomes and ensure quality of life for elderly HNC patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Of Surgical Techniques Used In Post-Traumatic And Non-Traumatic Rhinoseptoplasty.","authors":"Piotr Rot, Sandra Krzywdzińska, Jakub Nicer, Maria Sobol, Dariusz Jurkiewicz, Marcin Jadczak","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The main goals of septorhinoplasty are to correct cosmetic and functional defects, which may occur in a patient with no history of previous trauma. As the most prominent facial feature, the nose has an increased risk of injury. Nasal fracture may eventually result in significant defects; posing challenges to the surgeon.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study is to compare the technique used in post-traumatic and non -traumatic cases of rhinoplasties.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study group consisted of 227 patients, mean age 37.511.4 years, median 36 years, age range from 18 to 79 years. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 13.3 package StatSoft, Dell Statistica. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. The Chi2 or Fisher's exact test - when the number in cells were less than 5, was respectively used to check whether there was a correlation between nasal injuries and surgical technique. The level of statistical significance was assumed to be equal to α=0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences were found in the use of five techniques. Septal filtration to the spine (44.1% vs 10.7%), septal extension graft (5.9% vs 1.3%), spreader graft (41.1% vs 21.1%) and osteotomy (85.3% vs 61.0%) were all performed more in patients with nasal trauma. On the other hand, LC steal was performed significantly more often in patients without nasal trauma (36.5% vs 22.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nose injuries lead to cosmetic and functional complications pose a challenge to the rhinoplasty surgeon. Optimal management in the case of posttraumatic nose requires surgeon&apos;s experience and precise surgical planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyper eosinophilic diseases - diagnosis and therapeutic approach - practical position of the Polish working group.","authors":"Piotr Kuna, Ewa Jassem, Elżbieta Wiatr, Stanisława Bazan-Socha, Izabela Kupryś-Lipińska","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.8684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypereosinophilic diseases represent a heterogeneous group that poses a significant medical challenge. An increased number of eosinophils in the blood can be a dominant symptom of hematologic diseases, such as myeloid hematopoietic cancers or lymphomas. However, it is more commonly associated with other health conditions, such as allergies, infections, and systemic inflammatory diseases. Distinguishing between eosinophilic vasculitis with polyangiopathy (EGPA) and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (I-HES) can be difficult in clinical practice. In this report, we provide practical guidelines for clinicians that may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Additionally, we discuss the role of biologic IL-5 inhibitors in their therapy, as mepolizumab is approved for the treatment of EGPA and I-HES. We believe that the proposed guidelines will be helpful for clinicians, especially those who are not familiar with hypereosinophilic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Satisfaction after Open Rhinoseptoplasty: What Do the Statistics Say?","authors":"Marcin Jadczak, Sandra Krzywdzińska, Dariusz Jurkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.7430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; In its assumptions, rhinoplasty is intended to improve the aesthetics and restore normal function of the nose. In the Polish literature, a new tool has recently emerged for simultaneous assessment of the impact of rhinoseptoplasty on the external appearance and functionality of the nose.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this study consisted in the surveying of patients having undergone rhinoplasty procedures using a validated and translated Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) questionnaire and the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire to assess the functional and aesthetic outcomes of rhinoplasty.&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; A total of 106 subjects (N = 78 [73.6%] women and N = 28 men [26.4%]) aged 18 to 56 years (M = 33.99; SD = 9.77) participated in the study. The data were subjected to statistical analysis.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The analysis revealed significant differences between the measurements for all analyzed variables (p &lt; 0.001). Statistically significantly lower SCHNOS scores and significantly higher ROE scores were reported in the postoperative assessments, with a strong effect for the difference of means (&gt; 0.5).&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Properly performed rhinoplasty results in both aesthetic and, most importantly, functional improvement regardless of the patient's age and gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142740886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative serum 25(OH)D status and its correlation with an early endoscopic sinus surgery outcome and chronic rhinosinusitis severity.","authors":"Agnieszka Brociek-Piłczyńska, Alicja Trebinska-Stryjewska, Dariusz Jurkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.7429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a long-lasting inflammatory condition affecting the sinonasal mucosa, which is likely triggered by a dysfunctional immune response. Vitamin D is recognized as an immunomodulator influencing both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, this mechanism of action has sparked interest regarding the possible role of vitamin D in CRS pathogenesis and/or course of the disease.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this study was to investigate the association between preoperative serum vitamin D levels and an early outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) as well as its influence on the severity of CRS.&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; This prospective observational study included 25 patients with CRS with nasal polyps undergoing ESS and 18 healthy controls. The disease was confirmed clinically and radiologically. Demographic and clinical data for each subject were collected. Preoperatively, disease severity was evaluated by the patient using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and by a researcher using the Lund-MacKay (LMS) and Lund-Kennedy (LKS) scoring systems. On the day of surgery, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured with the use of electrochemiluminescence binding assay. Six weeks postoperatively, reassessment was performed, including the VAS, SNOT-22, and LKS.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was not significantly lower in CRS patients compared to healthy controls. Subjective and objective measures of CRS severity showed no correlation with vitamin D status. However, participants with higher vitamin D levels presented better outcomes 6 weeks postoperatively.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Contradicting numerous previous studies, these findings failed to confirm the correlation between the occurrence or severity of CRS and vitamin D status. Nevertheless, vitamin D status seems to affect ESS early outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vestibulometry, the registration of responses to stimulation of the vestibular organ with stimuli of different frequencies.","authors":"Michalina Śpiewak, Przemyslaw Spiewak, Marcin Piechocki, Jarosław Markowski, Paweł Dobosz, Sylwia Kopeć","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.7085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; The vestibular organ (VO) is essential for maintaining balance and stabilizing visual images during head movements. To evaluate its function, the strength of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is assessed using kinetic tests like the Sinusoidal Harmonic Acceleration Test (SHAT), video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), and slow-phase peak velocity (SPV) measurement in the caloric test (CT). Despite their limited sensitivity and specificity, they are used to determine eligibility for positions requiring strong balance control.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; To determine the range of VOR gain in young healthy individuals in SHAT, vHIT and CT. To search for correlations between vestibular test results and age and gender of the subjects.&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; Sixty two healthy individuals, with 32 males and 30 females, aged 7 to 33 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Each participant underwent SHAT, vHIT and CT. Standard statistical methods and Spearman's rank correlation were used.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The age of the subjects correlated negatively with the VOR gain in SHAT. There was no correlation between results for SHAT, vHIT or CT.&lt;b&gt;Discussion:&lt;/b&gt; Various factors, such as vestibular stimulation and anatomical variations, affect vestibular test results. While these tests complement each other in diagnosing vertigo, they are not recommended for healthy individuals qualifying for high-vestibular-performance occupations.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; With age, the sensitivity of the VO to kinetic stimuli decreases. The inability to calibrate stimuli can result in varied responses among individuals. A comprehensive evaluation of the VO requires testing across different frequency ranges.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert opinion on candidacy for bone conduction hearing implants Osia System and Baha Connect System.","authors":"Susan Arndt, Italo Cantore, Henrik Smeds, Eva Goldberg-Bockhorn, Willeke Lok, Jaime Marco, Christof Röösli, Wojciech Gawęcki","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.6777","DOIUrl":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.6777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Bone conduction hearing implants (BCHI) are a widely used rehabilitation solution for patients with conductive hearing loss (CHL), mixed hearing loss (MHL), or single-sided deafness (SSD).&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; This expert review presents candidacy criteria considerations when choosing between active transcutaneous bone-conduction hearing devices (Osia&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; System) and passive percutaneous bone-conduction hearing devices (Baha&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Connect System) to help streamline the decision-making process in those contexts where economics have a major impact on professionals' and patients' choice.&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Eight experts participated in two online surveys and two virtual meetings to discuss real-world clinical experience to highlight treatment approaches and factors considered when counseling the patients and selecting an optimal BCHI solution. Key considerations for decision-making were recorded following consensus from all experts.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Aspects in decision making include the requirement to use local &lt;i&gt;versus&lt;/i&gt; general anesthesia for the implantation procedure, bone thickness, considerations for future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures, and patient preference. Increased risk of skin infections, requirements for cleaning and managing the implant site, particularly for those with limited dexterity, as well as esthetic concerns could make the Baha&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Connect System unsuitable for some patients. In these cases, the Osia&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; System may provide clear advantages, particularly in patients for whom good hearing performance is a priority, and this would need to be discussed individually with the patient in a multidisciplinary setting. Conversely, for patients requiring minimally invasive surgery, who have contraindications for general anesthesia or require frequent head MRI scans in the future, the Baha Connect System may be more suitable.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 5","pages":"18-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142477124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive value of tooth and sinuses radiological characteristics in managing odontogenic sinusitis of endodontic origin.","authors":"Marta Kwiatkowska, Kornel Szczygielski, Łukasz Skrzypiec, Dariusz Jurkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.6744","DOIUrl":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.6744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One of the most common causes of bacterial odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is endodontic disease with periapical lesions (PAL). Referrals between otolaryngologists and dental specialists are indispensable for proper diagnosis and treatment. If the disease does not resolve after medical and root-canal treatment (RCT), tooth extraction, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) or both are the ways of management.The aim was to clarify the predictive value of disease's radiological characteristics for the further surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>68 symptomatic patients evaluated by an otolaryngologist and dental specialist were included to this prospective observational cohort study. Patients who failed medical treatment of sinusitis (intranasal steroids, saline rinses and antibiotics) and RCT were treated either with ESS, tooth extraction or both at the same time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>87% of patients required surgical intervention. 12% improved after tooth extraction alone, 47% after ESS and 31% required both procedures. The degree of maxillary sinus' (MS) opacification was not correlated with the need of invasive procedures implementation, as opposed to ostiomeatal complex' patency (p&lt;0.001). Cortical bone destruction towards the MS and multiple tooth roots involvement suggested ODS resolution only after combined surgical approach (p=0.041).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Radiological characteristics of causative tooth and patency of ostiomeatal unit correlate with the evolution of ODS and need for either ESS and/or tooth extraction. Patients with multiple roots affected, shorter distance to the MS floor and PAL's with visible bone destruction may require tooth extraction and ESS to resolve ODS completely.</p><p><strong>Clinical implications: </strong>Radiological data may help in earlier diagnosis and treatment of ODS with PALs for both otolaryngologists and dental specialists.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 5","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142477125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.","authors":"Magdalena Arcimowicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.7506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common diseases in the population, both in primary and specialist otolaryngological care. It is also responsible for a disturbingly high percentage of prescribed antibiotic therapy, regardless of the etiology of the disease. Despite the fact that acute viral and acute postviral rhinosinusitis dominate among the phenotypes of acute rhinosinusitis, and the development of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis occurs in only 0.5-2% of all cases in adults and 5-10% in children, antibiotics still remain an important element of treatment, despite alarming data on the growing antibiotic resistance and the adverse effect of antibiotics on the human microbiome, leading to dysbiosis. The discovery of antibiotics was one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, but their inappropriate use leads to the gradual increase in the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, considered one of the most serious public health problems, recognized by the WHO as one of the 10 greatest threats to human health in the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century. The unjustified use of antibiotics in outpatient care is the key to the growth of this problem, in parallel with the lack of patient compliance. The COVID pandemic has intensified this unfavourable trend. That is why the knowledge of antibiotic stewardship is so important. According to the guidelines, in the therapy of acute rhinosinusitis, symptomatic and anti-inflammatory treatment dominates, and antibiotic therapy has very strictly defined and limited indications. The latest guidelines also recommend herbal medicines, including BNO 1016, in the treatment of acute viral and postviral rhinosinusitis. Available studies indicate that it has a beneficial effect not only on shortening the duration of the disease and reducing symptoms, but also reduces the need for antibiotic treatment in acute rhinosinusitis. Complications of acute rhinosinusitis are relatively rare and are not related to taking antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 6","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory Load Test - A Concept for Cognitive Reserve Evaluation with Auditory Perception.","authors":"Maya Madhavan, Muhammad Ibraheem Zaid, Khizer Chaudhary, Chetachi Soribe, Muhammed Jlal Siddiqui, Nabiha Ali, Roisin Rahaman, Helga Brito Lima, Sanya Nair, Nessa Din, Maria Marzec, Maciej J Wróbel","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0054.5661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.5661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Auditory scene analysis refers to the system through which the auditory system distinguishes distinct auditory events and sources to create meaningful auditory information. The exact number of directly perceived auditory stimuli is unknown, studies suggest it may range from 3 to 5. This number differs among individuals, and potentially may indirectly indicate the ability to store and process the complex information, related to the memory load, which is combined with human cognitive processes.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; This study aims to further identify and quantify the number of sounds that can be perceived simultaneously in a complex auditory environment.&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; Participants were presented with structured acoustic recordings and were asked to identify the exact number of targeted stimuli heard throughout the test. The experiment was designed to assess the auditory load and determine the maximum number of auditory stimuli that a healthy human can perceive at once.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Our study showed that on average, participants could identify up to three sounds at once with accuracy of responses declining progressively for four sounds or more.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; This study aimed to investigate the human capacity to detect and identify multiple sound signals simultaneously in a noisy environment. By understanding this ability, we sought to assess cognitive reserve in individuals. Our objective was to determine if auditory load could serve as a diagnostic tool for cognitive evaluation. We believe that further research will establish the validity of this approach, and we anticipate that it is only a matter of time before it becomes a viable method for assessing cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":42608,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Otolaryngology","volume":"78 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142297979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}