Forest and Conservation History最新文献

{"title":"Integrating Economics and Ecology: A Case of Intellectual Imperialism?","authors":"R. Alston","doi":"10.2307/3983903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983903","url":null,"abstract":"An issue at the heart of American forestry is the attempt to integrate ecological and economic approaches to environmental management. The modern debate harks back to the ideological struggle between Gifford Pinchot's wise-use approach to conservation and Aldo Leopold's or Harold Ickes's nonutilitarian, ethical approach. The four books reviewed here suggest that the issues are still in ferment. Interdisciplinary attempts to integrate ecology and economics date back to the nineteenth century. As Martinez-Alier's at times incoherent and always polemical Ecological Economics points out, nineteenthcentury physicists, biologists, and chemists generated an extensive literature linking an energy theory of value, based on ecology, to the Marxist labor theory of value. According to Martinez-Alier, the scientists' energy-flow accounts (which measured values in terms of energy input/output ratios) demonstrated the \"indisputable superiority\" of traditional peasant agriculture in underdeveloped countries over capitalistic practices: it proved that peasant agriculture could feed \"the population with minimum use of nonrenewable forms of energy\" (p. 241). But these nineteenth-century ideas fell on infertile ground, and the world turned instead to capitalist systems, which rely on market prices to measure value. This choice, says Martinez-Alier, led to the waste of energy resources in overdeveloped countries, the unequal distribution of energy resources between the developed and dependent countries, and a continuing class struggle. According to Martinez-Alier, the new interdisciplinary ecological economics being developed now will vindicate and extend a Marxist-based ecological revolution throughout the Third World. Very open-minded members of the Forest History Society who want better to understand the ideological aspect of international debates may find this book of interest. They may also want to compare his view with that found in Donald Worster's widely read history of ecology (Nature's Economy), which accuses economics of foisting energy-flow accounting off on ecology, rather than vice versa. Worster differs with Martinez-Alier in focusing on the twentieth rather than the nineteenth century, and in seeing the energyflow accounting approach as essentially capitalist. Martinez-Alier, of course, sees the approach as conflicting with capitalist market values. Except for the inherent interest of such comparisons, however, I find Martinez-Alier to be a waste of intellectual energy. Charles Perrings's Economy and Environment presents a more formidable and formal case against the \"market solution\" to environmental problems. Perrings attacks the market solution's emphasis on the sovereignty of the individual, the sanctity of private property, and the domination of the present. In its place, Perrings suggests a positive role for the collective good, which goes beyond the mere adding up of individual satisfactions. Perrings extends the Marxist view of ecological econo","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121857298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tanganyika Forestry Under German Colonial Administration, 1891–1919","authors":"H. Schabel","doi":"10.2307/3983902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983902","url":null,"abstract":"III n 1892, the second year of the colonial administration of German East Africa, Eugen Kruger became the first professional forester to set foot in what is now mainland Tanzania' (figure 1). Although his assignment was general administration, Kruger, in conjunction with his supervisor, Dr. Franz Stuhlmann,2 provided the impetus for the gradual development of forestry in this territory. The upcoming 1992 centennial of forestry in Tanzania seems an appropriate occasion to summarize and reflect on the earliest beginnings of the forestry profession in this region. The early forest history of German East Africa remains little known even in Tanzania, probably because relevant literature is mostly in German, or documents are widely dispersed and often difficult to locate and obtain. 3 This article will document accomplishments and frustrations in the German colonial administration's attempts to control the use of forest resources in an area and culture where such use had been traditionally unregulated (in the sense of scientific forestry), and to illuminate this transition in the context of the political, military, economic, and environmental complexities of colonial history.","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130957659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The North America-Japan Timber Trade: The Roots of Canadian and U.S. Approaches","authors":"T. Cox","doi":"10.2307/3983900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983900","url":null,"abstract":"Japan is a heavily wooded country, but when its economic growth accelerated rapidly in the 1960s, its domestic timber supply could not meet the burgeoning demand for building materials and other wood products. When Japan turned to timber imports from North America, the abrupt increase in the transpacific timber trade had disruptive effects on both sides of the ocean. In Canada and the United States cries soon arose to restrict the outflow of logs to Japan. These calls led to action, but the action taken was of a different character north and south of the forty-ninth parallel. Succinctly put, Canada discouraged log exports but encouraged the shipment of lumber and other manufactured wood products. Canadian industry and government alike gave a relatively high priority to developing the lumber trade with Japan. By contrast the United States encouraged the log trade but gave more lip service than sustained attention to developing a commerce in sawn wood. Furthermore, government and industry in the United States more frequently worked at crosspurposes than did those in Canada, and both were more concerned with the domestic lumber market than with the market in Japan.","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129754973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Industry on the Landscape and Environment of Austria Prior to the First World War","authors":"E. Johann","doi":"10.2307/3983901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983901","url":null,"abstract":"Forests have always played an important role in modeling Austria's landscape, protecting against erosion and safeguarding against avalanche, as well as providing important economic resources. Austrian forests are largely mountain forests. One third of the 156 million acres in the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy is more than five hundred meters above sea level. Most of this acreage was located in the \"Empire of Austria;' which consisted of the \"Austrian Alpine Provinces\" (such as Styria, Salzburg, Tyrol, and Carinthia), the \"Danube Provinces\" (Lower and Upper Austria), and the \"Northwest and Northeast Provinces\" (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia). Within the Austrian Empire, forests covered an average 32.6 percent of the total landscape, i.e., twenty-five million acres. Those provinces with forest cover far above the average were Styria (48 percent) and Carinthia (44 percent), and those below the average were Moravia (27 percent) and Bohemia (29 percent). The portion of privately owned forests was highest in Bohemia,","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115662474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Special Issue: Public and Private Interests in Our National Parks","authors":"A. Newell, P. Blodgett, M. G. Schene, S. Mehls","doi":"10.1093/forhis/34.2.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forhis/34.2.58","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130599444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Striking a Balance: Managing Concessions in the National Parks, 1916–33","authors":"P. Blodgett","doi":"10.2307/3983860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983860","url":null,"abstract":"W Stephen T. Mather assumed the directorship of the newly formed National Park Service on 17 April 1917, his infant organization confronted many serious challenges. One of the most vexing, then and thereafter, sprang from the service's obligation to oversee the conduct of the private concessionaires within the national parks. In an era of booming popularity for the parks, the quality of services offered to the public was a particularly pressing matter. Drawing upon existing precedents and upon his own notions of successful administration, Mather sought a proper balance between the rights of private enterprise and the responsibilities of public management. An exploration of concessions policy during the administrations of Mather and of his successor, Horace M. Albright, reveals much about the assumptions that governed National Park Service relations with the private concessionaires for many years. Since the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, the regulation of businesses serving the needs of park visitors had rested uneasily in the hands of Congress and the secretary of the interior. Congress, which was slowly accumulating a body of practical regulatory experience, made park regulations intermittently and enforced them fitfully. Enforcement was also in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which lacked an efficient bureaucratic structure to provide continuous supervision and enforce regulations. In the case of Yellowstone, as Richard Bartlett has demonstrated, nearly a decade passed after the park's creation before the Interior Department tried to assert its right to regulate park businesses, and these efforts fell prey repeatedly to political influence peddling. The proliferation of parks during the next quarter century only exacerbated the problem, as the department's responsibilities outgrew its resources) Early in this century, burgeoning public interest in national parks heightened the problem of development. However one park might differ from another, all the parks had to provide the same essential services for their visitors. Even at the nadir of Yellowstone's administration, during the era Visitors arriving at the train station near Yellowstone National Park's Gardner entrance were carried by taxi concessionaire into the park (ca. 1910). Photo courtesy of the National Park Service, Springfield, Virginia.","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125210839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Senses of the Natural World: Recent Works in the Philosophy and History of Science","authors":"Paul Fayter","doi":"10.2307/3983864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983864","url":null,"abstract":"What is nature and what does nature mean? We all have a sense of nature existing out there, physically real, autonomous, other than ourselves. And yet we all understand ourselves as existing within nature too. We are at once apart from and a part of the natural world. It is difficult to speak of nature, either as idea or as environment, without at the same time (at least implicitly) addressing the question of human nature. \"Environment is never isolated from belief;' writes Neil Evernden in his Natural Alien. \"Our perceptions and expectations of environment are inseparable from our moral commitment to particular beliefs and institutions\" (p. x). This essay reviews part of the recent literature on beliefs about nature — and therefore about humanity. The books selected all discuss different senses or meanings of the natural world and are written from a variety of perspectives: anthropological, historical, ethical, and philosophical. Our beliefs find active expression in our behaviors, which is why works that examine our beliefs about nature have practical, social, and not merely \"philosophical\" importance. Does anyone seriously doubt that our ideas and attitudes concerning nature have done much to create our current environmental crisis, for example? The ancient Jewish prophet might have been peering into the late twentieth century when he wrote,","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":" 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120937329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Crown of the Continent: Private Enterprise and Public Interest in the Early Development of Glacier National Park, 1910–17","authors":"M. G. Schene","doi":"10.2307/3983861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983861","url":null,"abstract":"T he early development of Glacier National Park was inextricably tied to the interests of Louis W. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway. Seeking to benefit from the new park's proximity to his company's rail lines, the powerful railroad chieftain invested heavily in Glacier's hotels, chalets, and tent camps, and in promoting the park, expecting in return that public monies would be expended on bridge, road, and trail improvements. The tenuous symbiotic relationship that resulted initially served park and railroad interests well, but the alliance began to fragment in 1916 as the newly created National Park Service under the leadership of Stephen Mather set about interpreting its mandate. When Congress established Glacier National Park in 1910, the secretary of the interior was faced with the challenge of administering some 915,000 acres that included over \"60 glaciers, 250 lakes, immense forests of pine and cedar, innumerable streams and waterfalls, and mountain peaks, rising from 6,000to 10,000-feet high, together with any variety of fish and game known in that latitude\" as \"a pleasure ground\" for the American people' A portion of Glacier had been carved out of the Lewis and Clark National Forest, and the immediate problem of patrolling the new park was solved by transferring several forest rangers to Glacier in May 1910. These included William A. Owings, Frank F. Liebig, and the flamboyant Joe Cosley, who sought to perpetuate his presence in Glacier by regularly carving his name in handy trees as well as helping himself to the protected wildlife of the park. 2 The new rangers were somewhat mystified by their new assignment. They had no laws or rules to enforce nor any immediate supervision until the arrival in August of Glacier's first superintendent, Major William R. Logan, from the nearby Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. 3 A consummate bureaucrat who enjoyed the support of influential political figures like Senator Thomas Carter of Montana, Logan had campaigned actively for the Glacier position, motivated not by an altruistic interest in conservation but rather by the career potential of the superintendency. 4 In administering the nascent park, Logan faced a series of immediate challenges, not the least of which was his nebulous mandate under the enabling legislations Although Glacier had precedents, notably nearby Yellowstone National Park, Interior Department officials were still struggling with the concept of a \"park.\" This philosophical vacuum was exacerbated by the department's lack of an administrative network to deal with the routine of park management. Until 1915 most decisions were made by a harassed clerk, who attempted to implement whatever policies were promulgated by either the secretary or the president. 6 One such clerk, Clement Ucker, who often dealt with Glacier, admitted, \"No particular official has the time at his disposal to give these various national parks the administrative attention and the planning of general ","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115037098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape Art and Landscape History: Some Recent Works on North American Landscape Painting","authors":"Richard A. Grusin","doi":"10.2307/3983863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983863","url":null,"abstract":"As readers of Forest & Conservation History surely know, the North American landscape has been studied from a variety of historical perspectives. Forest history, agricultural history, conservation history, history of science, history of technology, and history of land use policy are only some of the scholarly disciplines that have been brought to bear on the study of landscape. What readers of this journal may not realize, however, is that this multidisciplinary perspective has seldom been extended to the study of North American landscape painting. Rather than consider landscape painting as an aspect of landscape history, art historians have preferred instead to consider it within the context of traditional histories of art, focusing their discussions on moral, stylistic, and iconographic concerns of the paintings (and the painters) themselves. The reasons for such scholarly insularity are complex, involving the development of the profession of art history and its relation to curatorship. Broadly stated, however, they entail the idea that aesthetic value transcends the mundane realm of society, economics, and politics. This idea both underlies and reinforces the creation of museums and galleries as sacred spaces in which art can be worshipped apart from the profane space of the world outside. In the past decade, however, scholars in the humanities have come increasingly to challenge this traditional idea of aesthetic value. The revisionists argue that aesthetic categories do not transcend but are inseparable from the social, economic, and technological practices that have come to be grouped under the rubric of \"ideology.\" The five books under review here reveal the strengths and weaknesses of both traditional and revisionary approaches to North American landscape painting. In so doing, they indicate what the revisionary treatment of landscape painting has yet to learn from the variety of disciplines that have come to constitute landscape history. The Early Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church, 1845-1854 comprises the catalog for the exhibition of that name held at the Amon Carter Museum (in Fort Worth, Texas) from 9 March-29 April 1984 and transcripts of the Tandy Lectures delivered at the museum on 10 March 1984. Although revisionary in their focus on the first decade of Church's career, the exhibition and lecture series were inspired by traditional arthistorical questions concerning the title, date, provenance, and exhibition history of an early Church landscape acquired by the Museum, New England Landscape (Evening after a Storm). To answer these questions, the museum called on Franklin Kelly and Gerald Cam who delivered the three lectures that make up the first half of the book and (with the guidance of Church scholar David Huntington) prepared the exhibition catalog that makes up the book's second half. Kelly's two essays, \"The Legacy of Thomas Cole\" and \"Visions of New England,\" mine traditional art-historical veins. The first essay is essen","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131052739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dinosaur National Monument: A Study of the Evolution of Private Sector—Public Sector Support of Science in the West","authors":"S. Mehls","doi":"10.2307/3983862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3983862","url":null,"abstract":"I n the early twentieth century America's first paleontologists looked to the West as a vast storehouse of information. The region was a wondrous place, with a myriad of natural resources ripe for exploitation. Among these riches, a few paleontological discoveries were eventually deemed worthy of permanent protection under the aegis of the National Park Sei'vice. The history of one such scientific treasure, Dinosaur National Monument, provides a case study of the shift in scientific funding from private to public sources. Located in extreme northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, the present 325-square-mile park comprises rugged canyons along the Green and Yampa rivers. Fewer than eighty acres of that area contain the original quarry that attracted the interest of privately sponsored fossil hunters at the turn of the century. Private donors originally supported the scientific investigations of the quarry, but when philanthropic support dwindled, once— privately funded scientists sought federal funding to continue their inquiries. The federal government, recognizing the quarry's uniqueness, protected the area under the 1906 Antiquities Act.","PeriodicalId":425736,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Conservation History","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131215856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}