Central Asian Journal of Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Discovery of Actinomycetes from Extreme Environments with Potential to Produce Novel Antibiotics.","authors":"Lyudmila Trenozhnikova,&nbsp;Azliyati Azizan","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens pose serious challenges to healthcare institutions and health of the public. Thus, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new and effective antimicrobial agents. Microorganisms that exist in extreme environments such as those with high salinity or alkalinity, are known as extremophiles, and include various species of actinomycetes. The goal of this study is to discover novel antibiotics from extremophiles found in Kazakhstan that are effective against drug resistant pathogens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Soil from extreme environments of Kazakhstan was collected, and pure cultures of actinomycetes were isolated and cultured in modified Bennett's broth with either high concentrations of salt or high pH to mimic extreme environments. Extracts obtained from selected actinomycetes strains were used to test for antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5936 strains of extremophile actinomycetes were isolated; from these, 2019 strains were further isolated into pure cultures. Of these, 415 actinomycetes strains that demonstrated antagonistic antibacterial activities were selected. These actinomycetes were further classified into groups and subgroups based on their responses to different culture conditions. Antimicrobial antagonism activity for some of the actinomycetes strains was dependent on culture conditions and development of aerial mycelia under extreme conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified several interesting candidate extracts with putative antimicrobial activities against several strains of drug resistant pathogens. Our research of the actinomycetes' ability to produce antibiotics in the near-natural conditions provides a great opportunity to assess their biodiversity and distribution in the Central Asian region and to develop new methodological approaches to the screening of new antimicrobial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare Access Experiences Among Indigenous Women in Northern Rural Thailand: A Focused Ethnographic Study.","authors":"Onouma Thummapol,&nbsp;Sylvia Barton,&nbsp;Tanya Park","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Persistent inequities in health and access to healthcare services for indigenous women living in Thailand remain a significant challenge. This study provides narrative accounts of Indigenous women's experiences accessing healthcare in northern and rural Thailand and explores the complexity of culture and its interaction with multiple intersecting influences on health behaviours.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A focused ethnographic study was conducted to understand and describe the culture of health behaviors and other cultural phenomena. We recruited 21 female participants aged 20-41 years between March and April of 2017. In-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in Thai were used to explore the experiences of the participants living in a northern rural village. Data analysis was informed and guided by Roper and Shapira's framework for ethnographic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven themes presented across three phases of experience (pre-access, making choices, and encountering difficulties) revealed an in-depth understanding of the Indigenous women's lives, the broader sociocultural context in which they lived, and the challenges they faced when accessing healthcare. Analysis of data showed that the participants did not have equal access to healthcare and often disproportionately experienced discriminatory practices and negative attitudes of mainstream healthcare providers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the only study to date that discusses healthcare access challenges experienced by Indigenous women living in a northern rural Thai village. There is an urgent need to focus on citizenship, employment, and general health conditions; gender, familial, and labor roles; specific health conditions, wellness, and cultural practices; the seeking of healthcare services; healthcare provider relationships; the ability to access needed care; and optimization of self-care. Future efforts to improve healthcare access and reduce disease burden might benefit from these findings and allow for the development of more effective strategies, programs, and policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in the leading causes of childhood mortality from 2004 to 2016 in Qatar.","authors":"Mohammed Al-Thani,&nbsp;Al-Anoud Al-Thani,&nbsp;Amine Toumi,&nbsp;ShamsEldin Khalifa,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif Ijaz,&nbsp;Hammad Akram","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Childhood mortality is an important health indicator that reflects the overall health status of a population. Despite the decrease in global childhood mortality rates over the past decades, it still remains an important public health issue in Qatar.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data from 2004-2016 were extracted from the Qatar Ministry of Public Health Birth and Death Database. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was used for coding the causes of death. The childhood mortality rate was defined as the probability of a child dying between the first and the fifth birthday, expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 children surviving to 12 months of age. The sex ratio was calculated by dividing the mortality rate of males by that of females. Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to examine time trends. Relative risks were calculated to examine differences by nationality (Qatari and non-Qatari) and sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant decrease in mortality rate of children aged one to five was observed from 1.76 to 1.05 per 1000 children between 2004 and 2016 (Kendall tau=-0.6, p=0.004). Three prominent causes of mortality were motor vehicle accidents, congenital malformations of the circulatory system, and accidental drowning/submersion. A statistically non-significant decrease in childhood mortality from motor vehicle accidents was oberved for all nationalities (total (Kendall tau=-0.03), Qatari (Kendall tau=-0.14), and non-Qatari (Kendall tau=-0.12)). A significant decrease was seen for total accidental drowning and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.54, p=0.012), while no statistically significant decrease was seen for total congenital malformations of the circulatory system (Kendall tau=-0.36, NS). The Qatari population did have a significant decrease in childhood mortality due to congenital malformations of the circulatory system (Kendall tau=-0.67, p=0.003) and accidental drowning and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.55, p=0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study is a first attempt to evaluate childhood mortality statistics from Qatar and could be useful in supporting Qatar's ongoing national health strategy programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of the Cardiovascular Diseases in Central Asia.","authors":"Altyn Aringazina,&nbsp;Tleuberdi Kuandikov,&nbsp;Viktor Arkhipov","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are now the number one cause of death in low- and middle-income countries, including those in Central Asia (CA). Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionate and growing burden of CVD, which constitutes a challenge to national development. CVD account for more than 43% of cases of disability and 9.0% of cases of temporary disability in many developing countries. The high burden of CVD oftentimes results from insufficient preventive care and a lack of education about the prevention and treatment of these diseases. The rapidly growing burden of CVD and other major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a global public health threat, especially in Central Asia. Information on cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and alcohol use, is traditionally obtained from studies conducted in Europe and North America, which limits our understanding of these factors in Central Asia. In this review, we collected all published information on CVD in Central Asia from 2000 to 2015, which included the websites of the Ministries of Health, the World Health Organization, PubMed, and other published sources. This narrative review describes CVD burden, stroke incidence, and common CVD risk factors in the five post-Soviet countries of Central Asia (Kazakshstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan).</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Status and Basic Hygiene Practices of Rural School Age Children of Savar Region, Dhaka, Bangladesh.","authors":"Sahadat Hossain,&nbsp;Fahad Ahmed,&nbsp;Shakhaoat Hossain,&nbsp;Tajuddin Sikder","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>School children in the developing countries are susceptible to nutrition related health problems due to demographic and socio-economic factors, as well as limited access to food. Since BMI is a common proxy measure used to evaluate nutritional status, the aim of this study was to investigate the BMI categories in school-aged children in Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional study of 155 children, aged 6-12 years was conducted at Jahangirnagar University School in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data collection was performed by in-person interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, and One-Way ANOVA test were performed to compare the variables based on BMI percentiles. Data were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program (version 2010).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean BMI of the students was 17.27 (SD=3.16). The prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity was 11.0% and 25.8%, respectively. Categories of BMI percentiles were associated with birth order (p=0.026), personal hygiene practices (washing hands after coming home from outside (p<0.001) and before meal (p=0.045)), brushing teeth (p<0.001), the number of food items consumed daily (p<0.001), and mothers' occupation (p=0.006). In context of basic hygiene practice, 61.3 % of respondents washed hands after coming home from outside, and 93.5 % reported washing hands before the meals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed that more than one third of the students had abnormal BMI. BMI screening in rural schools needs to be recommended in early grades for all children.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Hepatitis E Antibodies in Kazakhstan: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Francesca Cainelli,&nbsp;Gonzalo Hortelano,&nbsp;Baurzhan Negmetzhanov,&nbsp;Aigerim Ibrayeva,&nbsp;Kulpash Kaliaskarova,&nbsp;Denis Bulanin,&nbsp;Sandro Vento","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatitis E virus exposure is associated with sporadic cases of acute hepatitis and outbreaks in many countries worldwide. It is particularly dangerous for pregnant women, in whom the mortality rate is high. There are no previously published data reporting circulation of this virus in Kazakhstan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested blood samples for IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in 199 Kazakh participants; of these 119 were workers at the EXPO 2017 building site in Astana, 35 were volunteers who got tested at the Astana City Hall on the World Hepatitis Day 2017, and 45 were volunteers who presented for screening at the Hepatogastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of the Republican Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>11 (5.5%) individuals were positive for IgG anti-HEV antibodies, with a higher seroprevalence in males (7; 6.8%) vs females (4; 4.5%). The highest number of positive samples was in the 32-46 years age group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pilot study suggests that Hepatitis E virus has been circulating in Kazakhstan. Studies are needed to determine whether it continues to be present, which viral genotypes are involved and what are the best methodologies for preventing its spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge Among Women Across Seven Post-Soviet Countries.","authors":"Hakim Zainiddinov,&nbsp;Nazim Habibov","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2018.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2018.295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have witnessed a recent growth of HIV infection through heterosexual transmission. Women's low levels of knowledge about HIV prevention and transmission methods have been found to account for the higher female-to-male ratio among cases infected through the heterosexual route. This cross national comparison study assessed comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and its key determinants among women of seven post-Soviet countries and identified which countries face the highest levels of risk due to the low levels of HIV/AIDS awareness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Study data were obtained from the third wave of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS3) (conducted in 2005 and 2006), nationally representative samples of women aged 15-49 years. Data on HIV/AIDS knowledge were analyzed for women in Kazakhstan (N=14,310), Kyrgyzstan (N=6,493), Tajikistan (N=4,676), Uzbekistan (N=13,376), Belarus (N=5,884), Ukraine (N=6,066), and Georgia (N=7,727) using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the percentage of women who could correctly identify all five modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention was highest in Eastern European countries of Belarus (34.98%) and Ukraine (31.67%). Across all countries, the strongest predictors of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were age, education, and region of residence. Marital status, area of residence (urban vs. rural), and household wealth were significant predictors for several countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High rates of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were found among women of Belarus and Ukraine. To reduce the spread of HIV in the region, programs promoting comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge for women of younger ages and with lower education are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37049676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis and Amphetamine Use Among Adolescents in Five Asian Countries.","authors":"Karl Peltzer,&nbsp;Supa Pengpid","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2017.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2017.288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There has been a global increase in illicit drug use among young people. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lifetime cannabis and amphetamine use, as well as to explore factors associated with substance use among adolescents in five Asian countries: Iraq, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mongolia, and Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>38,941 school children (mean age 15.4 years, SD=1.5) completed the cross-sectional Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS). Topics covered in the questionnaire included cannabis and amphetamine use. Personal, parental, and environmental attributes were explored as predictors of cannabis and amphetamine use. Logistic regression was used to assess the contribution of potential predictors on lifetime cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the prevalence of lifetime cannabis use was 0.9% and lifetime amphetamine use was 1.0% among research participants. Cannabis use was influenced by male gender (Kuwait, Mongolia), parental smoking habits (Kuwait, Iraq), and current cigarette smoking in all countries. Amphetamine use was associated with suicidal ideation (Kuwait, Malaysia, Vietnam), school truancy (Malaysia, Mongolia, Vietnam), being a victim of physical assault (Kuwait, Mongolia), bullying victimization (Iraq, Malaysia, Vietnam), as well as anxiety and current cigarette use in all countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our preliminary results show the importance of personal attributes such as mental distress and environmental stressors on lifetime cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. Future prospective studies are needed to identify causal relationships among personal attributes, parental attributes, environmental stressors, and illicit substance use.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5195/cajgh.2017.288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37064688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges to Global Implementation of Infrared Thermography Technology: Current Perspective.","authors":"Michael Shterenshis","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2017.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2017.289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical infrared thermography (IT) produces an image of the infrared waves emitted by the human body as part of the thermoregulation process that can vary in intensity based on the health of the person. This review analyzes recent developments in the use of infrared thermography as a screening and diagnostic tool in clinical and nonclinical settings, and identifies possible future routes for improvement of the method. Currently, infrared thermography is not considered to be a fully reliable diagnostic method. If standard infrared protocol is established and a normative database is available, infrared thermography may become a reliable method for detecting inflammatory processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5195/cajgh.2017.289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35553374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Pulmonary Hemorrhage vs. Extrapulmonary Bleeding in the Differential Diagnosis of Hemoptysis.","authors":"Michael Vaiman,&nbsp;Baruch Klin,&nbsp;Noa Rosenfeld,&nbsp;Ibrahim Abu-Kishk","doi":"10.5195/cajgh.2017.284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2017.284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hemoptysis is an important symptom which causes a major concern, and warrants immediate diagnostic attention. The authors compared a group of patients with pediatric pulmonary hemorrhage with pediatric patients diagnosed with extrapulmonary bleeding focusing on differences in etiology, outcome and differential diagnosis of hemoptysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed the retrospective analysis of medical charts of 134 pediatric patients admitted to the Emergency Department because of pulmonary and extrapulmonary hemorrhage and were diagnosed with suspected hemoptysis or developed hemoptysis (ICD10-CM code R04.2). The cases with pulmonary hemorrhage (Group 1) were compared with cases of extrapulmonary bleeding (Group 2) using the Fisher Exact test or Pearson's χ² test for categorical variables. The t-test was used to assess differences between continuous variables of the patients in the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bloody cough was the presenting symptom in 73.9% of cases. 30 patients had pulmonary hemorrhage (Group 1), while 104 patients had extrapulmonary bleeding (Group 2). The underlying causes of bleeding in Group 2 included epistaxis, inflammatory diseases of nasopharynx and larynx, foreign bodies, gingivitis, and hypertrophy of adenoids. Mortality rate was 10% in Group 1, whereas Group 2 did not have any mortality outcomes during the observation period. Etiologycal factors were significantly different between hemoptysis and extrapulmonary bleeding in children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our research suggested that pulmonary and extrapulmonary bleeding are two conditions that differ significantly and cannot be unified under one diagnostic code. It is important to differentiate between focal and diffuse cases, and between pulmonary and extrapulmonary hemorrhage due to the diversity of clinical courses and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42537,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Global Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675394/pdf/cajgh-06-284.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35553373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}