International Journal of Economic Sciences最新文献

{"title":"The Statistical Association between Macroeconomic Indicators and the Performance of Commercial Banks in Pakistan","authors":"Javedani Ali, Muhammad Imran, Tehseen Iqbal","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a4","url":null,"abstract":"The banking industry of Pakistan is growing over years and it is playing a dynamic role in enabling the business environment in the country. The idea is Constructed on the fact, that there is a substantial impact of commercial banks (CB) on the economic advancement of the country. in response, the macro dynamics of an economy also influence the very existence of Banking and its footprints on the economy. Banks are operating to smooth out the transaction process in the economy to cause ease for doing daily life business. It is important to investigate that the changes in the macroeconomic factors of a country can have serious implications for the profitability dynamics of these banks. This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of CBs in Pakistan for the duration of (2006 to 2018), against the variations in the macroeconomy. The study is based on Panel data assessment methods, to examine the effects of foremost external factors i.e. Exchange rate, GDP, Interest rate, and Money supply on the profitability of CBS in Pakistan. This study uses Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) to measure the profitability of banks in Pakistan. The study uses a random effect model and the outcomes of this study demonstrate that, in the case of Pakistani CBS, the impact of selected macroeconomic factors is almost negligible to determine a bank's profitability except for only one factor, that is the money supply, which expresses a progressive influence on banks’ profitability in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84409234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Intangible Assets on Market Value of Firms: Evidence from Pakistan’s Stock Exchange","authors":"Suhrab Khan, M. M. Iqbal","doi":"10.55603/jes.v1i2.a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i2.a2","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates the economic value of intangible assets (IAs) on the market values (MVs) of firms. The IAs play an important role in the future development and success of firms. A firm having more IAs and Research and Development (R&D) expenditures can be more innovative and competitive in the production of goods and service delivery. Therefore, this study finds the impacts of IAs on the MVs by taking a sample of 66 firms listed on Pakistan’s Stock Exchange (PSX) from the period 2007 to 2014. For empirical analysis, the conventional Fixed Effect, Random Effect and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) models are applied on annual data. The results depict that IAs have increased the MVs of firms in Pakistan. Moreover, leverage ratio and managerial efficiency have also increased the MVs while the expenditures on marketing and advertising have decreased the MVs of firms. This study suggests that firms’ managers can increase investment in the accumulation of IAs for maximization of the MVs. Moreover, the investors and other market participants should also look at the level of IAs before investing in stocks as well as other determinants, especially leverage and managerial efficiency. The value relevance of leverage has also been a worthy policy recommendation for Pakistani firms. So, there is a scope for increasing the debt ratio for the shareholders’ value maximization.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75952089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Regional integration on Trade and Economic Cooperation – a key study of Georgia and Azerbaijan","authors":"L. Kadagishvili, Rusudan Maisuradze","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.005","url":null,"abstract":"The South Caucasus is a unique small and densely populated region in the southern part of the Caucasus. It consists of three independent states - Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Georgia is actively engaged in the Peaceful Neighborhood Initiative in the South Caucasus and strives to deepen political and economic relations with the countries in the region based on sovereign interests. In these processes, strengthening mutually beneficial, trust-based cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan is of special interest to Georgia. After the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the regaining of independence by Georgia and Azerbaijan, a completely new phase of diplomatic relations began between the two countries which grew into a strategic partnership. Territorial proximity and the establishment of diplomatic relations have prompted the dynamic development of trade and economic relations between the two countries, which increases the degree of urgency of the study. The presented paper focuses on the priority areas of trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan. However, at the present stage economics and politics are so closely interrelated that it is impossible to draw a line between them. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of the paper, the first chapter focuses on the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries, while the following chapters study trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and analyze the development of bilateral cooperation in trade in services; in addition, the trade intensity index is calculated; the importance of investments from Azerbaijan in the Georgian economy is assessed; the transnational energy and transport projects proposed by the Georgian and Azerbaijani governments are discussed; and the growing role of Georgia as trade and transport hub in the Caucasus in both the offshore and onshore components of these projects is assessed. It is noted that trade and economic relations have growing dynamics and show readiness to further develop cooperation. In addition, some suggestions that will be helpful for Georgia to increase the scale of cooperation with Azerbaijan and assist deepening the involvement of the two countries in the world integration processes are proposed. We believe that the paper will enhance further research and discussion on trade and economic cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan and, most importantly, ensure support for this kind of cooperation.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44965848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Job grade camouflage: When low gender pay gap does not mean equal pay","authors":"Jan Čadil, M. Kopecký, Tomas Jurcik","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.003","url":null,"abstract":"“Equal pay for equal work” is one of the backbone principles of Responsible Leadership. It is also deeply incorporated in legislation, mostly in developed countries. In recent decades, the gender pay gap has been put forward as a general indicator of equality by policy makers and researches alike. Yet, the research outcomes are disturbingly unsettled in comparison to bold political proclamations that are often based on simplified statistics. In our article we show, that gender pay gap shrinks substantially if firm-level job grades (based on Hay methodology) are used. The methodology used is gender neutral and focuses solely on the job size, not on the incumbent. Moreover, we show that the gender pay gap is not reflecting the idea of “equal pay for equal work” well. In fact, we conclude that people are being paid unequally regardless their gender. Low or non-existent gender pay gap then might just camouflage real inequalities leading managers and stakeholders to false feeling that company follows responsible leadership principles as defined by Steve Kempster (2016).","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43572308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Covid-19 pandemic economic costs in terms of labour force loss","authors":"Ondřej Bednář, B. Kadeřábková","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"Within a broader context of economic costs of the recent pandemic we calculate the excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic over the whole population and split them into age subgroups. Further, we estimate the cost of the labor force lost due to the pandemic. We employ a general additive model to set up a counterfactual time series of weekly deaths to count the number of deaths if the pandemic did not occur. Subtracting counterfactual series from the actual number of fatalities provides us with the excess deaths. The amount of excess deaths in the whole population is not statistically different from the COVID-19 victims reported by the Ministry of Health. However, we find excess deaths that are substantially higher than the reported COVID-19 causalities in the age group from 35 to 59 years. We estimated the costs of the lost labor force to be approximately 0.03% of the Czech 2021 GDP.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46721604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and Inclusive Growth: The Role of the Financial Sector Development","authors":"Emeka Nkoro, Aham Kelvin Uko","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the role of the domestic financial sector development in the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and inclusive growth in Nigeria over the period, 1981-2020 using annual time series. Analytically, the study employed the autoregressive distributed lag approach of cointegration. The bound test result shows that there is a long-run relationship between inclusive growth and financial sector development, as well as the other underlying variables. Empirically, the result reveals that the FDI exerted a significant positive effect on inclusive growth when the domestic financial sector has reached a certain minimum level of development. The result further shows that the FDI alone has a significant negative effect on inclusive growth. This means that FDI alone does not necessarily increase the well-being of the people, except when a certain minimum level of financial sector development is attained. This is evidence that the domestic financial sector development is a pre-condition for FDI to effectively promote inclusive growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that the development of the domestic absorptive capacity-financial sector development should be extended by promoting reforms that will translate FDI inflow into inclusive growth.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional migration and the dimension of distance in empirical analysis","authors":"Lucie Kureková","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.006","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of migration is addressed by several disciplines, such as demography, sociology, economics, political science and history. Therefore, a wide range of analytical tools can be used to analyse this phenomenon. This study focuses primarily on regional migration and capturing the dimension of distance in empirical analysis. Cartograms can be used to analyse regional migration, and Webb diagrams that capture the evolution of net international and internal migration over time. It is also appropriate to use the efficiency matrix of migration indices and nodal graphs to analyse migration flows between different regions. Spatial econometrics is then important for migration analysis to test the validity of theoretical concepts of migration. However, it is often not possible to track the exact distance of migration flows in the data. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to proxy methods to determine the distance. Tracking internal migration plays a crucial role in regional development and is vital in assessing political, economic and social change. Therefore, appropriate analytical tools must be used to analyse it at the regional level.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43124010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pension tracking system application: A new supervision challenge in the EU","authors":"S. Dimitrov, Elroi Hadad","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.004","url":null,"abstract":"Different areas serve as sources of pension protection for the citizens of the European Union. Along with pensions from public systems, capital pensions are playing an increasing role. Financial institutions-providers of pension savings products operate on a different business model; the diversity cause difficulties in tracking individual’s pension savings, and in promoting pension protection. The pension tracking system is seen as a mechanism for achieving a more efficient market for pension products. This paper examines the development of the pension tracking system (PTS) for European Union member states with multi-pillar pension system. We study the application of the PTS in Bulgaria, to exemplify the structure of the PTS for other EU member states. We conclude that the development of PTS is a necessary set of measures that would be a prerequisite for improving the well-being of the savers.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49319405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in costs optimization methods – key study of maintenance and restoration of cultural heritage","authors":"J. Pojar, D. Macek, R. Schneiderová Heralová, S. Vitásek","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.009","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the issue of restoration and care of cultural heritage buildings in the Czech Republic. The content is focused mainly on the topic of valuation of construction works. Obtaining quality documents is very important for planning reconstruction and maintenance works on a building of cultural heritage. Proper and timely maintenance work is the key to maintaining the value of the building and increasing its viability.\u0000The tool for assessing the economic sustainability of an immovable cultural heritage is a life cycle cost analysis carried out on the basis of relevant input data on the technical parameters of the building, structural elements and equipment, the time period of the occurrence of costs related to them. The analysis becomes an important basis for decision-making by the owner, the designer and the future user on choosing the optimal variant of the technical solution for restoration, also with regard to ecological aspects, cultural and historical value and long-term economic consequences.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43489635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Housing Market with Cournot Competition and a Third Housing Sector","authors":"T. Borgersen","doi":"10.52950/es.2022.11.2.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52950/es.2022.11.2.002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper integrates a non-profit third-housing sector (THS) into a housing market with Cournot competition. The paper analyses the indirect effects of a THS on the aggregate housing market, on a commercial housing supplier and on the market adaption of households not embraced by the THS. While beneficial for households included in the THS, a question arises related to the indirect effects of a THS. The paper argues for crowding-out and higher house prices in the commercial housing market in response to a THS expansion. In addition, a THS also affects the strategic behaviour of the commercial housing supplier. Compared to a conventional Cournot housing market, a fixed THS housing supply changes the market structure from one where the housing supply of different housing providers are alternative to one-another, to a market structure where housing supply is complementary.","PeriodicalId":42415,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48800414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}