The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development最新文献

{"title":"Social Media and Twenty-First Century Public Engagement","authors":"P. Boudreau","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_091","url":null,"abstract":"There are many competing ways for modern audiences to receive information and news of interest and importance to them. Researchers publish in scientific literature. Politicians and managers receive briefing notes from staff. The general population continues to receive information from radio, television, newspapers, and journals. In 1998, in the foreword to Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s book The Oceanic Circle, Ruud Lubbers wrote, “The new information and communication technology gives enormous possibilities to connect people and to empower people. Therefore the world is not any longer only a total of the nation-states; it is also about participatory democracy globally, and global sovereignty of peoples.” This statement predates the widespread development and use of the Internet and in particular the twenty-first century phenomena referred to as ‘social media’. I ask here whether we are in a position to see social media as addressing the possibilities envisaged by the Club of Rome in 1998. At face value, social media is free to access, easy for individuals to contribute to and potentially more engaging than traditional sources, as it can be finetuned to the specific interest of the reader. But there is a question about this relatively new phenomenon: Is it a help or a distraction in regards to exposing and engaging the general public to the benefits and challenges facing our coasts and oceans? What roles might it play in responsible ocean governance? One of the first issues concerning this question is the definition of social media. As a relatively new and quickly changing technology, it is difficult to strictly restrict the topic to present day online applications. Social media truly began to be a global communication tool with the launch and subsequent growth of Facebook, which started in 2004. Other common present-day tools include: 1) LinkedIn—launched in 2003 2) YouTube—launched in 2005 3) Twitter—launched in 2006 4) WhatsApp—launched in 2009 5) Instagram—launched 2010 6) Snapchat—launched 2011","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124548040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Protected Areas: Ensuring Effective Conservation while Pursuing Global Targets","authors":"Maxine C. Westhead","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_048","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of marine protected areas (mpas) is complex and multi-faceted. This essay attempts to summarize contemporary issues in the field of marine conservation and draws on recent Canadian experience. To set the stage, here are some current global facts and figures related to mpas from ProtectedPlanet. net, managed by the United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as of November 2017: – Over 23 million km2 (6.35 percent) of the ocean is covered by over 15,000 mpas, a ten-fold increase since 2000 when the area covered by mpas was approximately 0.7 percent or 2 million km2. – mpa coverage has increased by approximately 14 million km2 since 2010, driven in a large part by the expansion of existing sites, and the creation of very large new sites (100,000 km2 and larger). – The ten largest mpas contribute over 50 percent of the area covered by marine protected areas, and the 20 largest mpas contribute 70 percent of the total. This is in stark contrast to the median size of mpas globally at less than 5 km2. – The recent accelerated designation of mpas globally is focused on exclusive economic zones (eezs at 39 percent of the global ocean), with only 0.25 percent of the high seas currently covered by mpas. It is well understood that mpas are not a panacea for the many problems facing our oceans and are limited in what they can achieve. There are very real and serious threats that mpas alone cannot solve such as ocean acidification, climate change, and pollution and plastics. What mpas can do, though, is allow ocean space to ‘rest’. Given a chance to recover either unencumbered by human interference through no-take mpas, or with limited human interference through sustainable use mpas, these areas can be left to flourish and better support overall ecosystem resilience. Within existing mpas, active management, monitoring, and reporting are critical elements for success. Proper management of mpas once they are designated and ensuring that they do not become ‘paper parks’ are also critical. Other key factors for mpa effectiveness are funding, compliance, and","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116807259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elisabeth Mann Borgese, UNCLOS, and the Arctic: The Power of Normative Thinking and Her Legacy","authors":"Robert J Huebert","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_030","url":null,"abstract":"In a volume dedicated to the memory Elisabeth Mann Borgese, it is it is fitting to reflect upon the impact that the focus of her life’s work has had on the international system. Those who have had the privilege of knowing her can attest to the power of her ideals and her vision for the future. Coming out of the ravages of the Second World War, she dedicated her life to making the world a better place. To that end, she concentrated on the study and promotion of the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (unclos). It was her core belief that the facilitation of an equitable sharing and sustainable utilization the world’s oceans would be a fundamental component of international co-operation and peace. Her commitment and drive in supporting the development of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the implementation of unclos was an important element of the treaty’s ultimate success. She is rightly referred to by many as the ‘mother’ of the Convention (alongside its ‘father’, Arvid Pardo, her good friend and colleague). thoughts and plans regarding ocean","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128486434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ocean and China’s Drive for an Ecological Civilization","authors":"A. Hanson","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_012","url":null,"abstract":"I first met Elisabeth Mann Borgese after joining Dalhousie University in the late 1970s, and we were colleagues and friends until her untimely passing. We shared many common interests concerning oceans, environment, and international development. Often I participated in International Ocean InstituteCanada (IOI-Canada) programs. Like so many others I felt challenged by her remarkable range of interests, her passion for pacem in maribus, and her prescience regarding many aspects of ocean governance and uses such as mariculture. I certainly agreed with her deep commitment to developing nations, especially for peaceful and sustainable ocean use. She brought integrative views and understanding about the law of the sea, and how its full application could link people from all parts of the world in common cause. But in 1982 the ocean situation was very different from today. Nowadays we talk about a technologically sophisticated and vastly expanded global ‘Blue Economy’, with hopes that it may be doubled in the years ahead. However, there is a level of crisis in ocean use that worsens decade by decade. Threats are now regional and global. I am sure that Elisabeth would agree that the future health of the ocean will require much more attention to green development, environmental protection, and innovation in global governance. Indeed, for problems such as ocean acidification, impacts of plastics and other wastes, and from intensive coastal development, there is no single framework for addressing sustainable use. Chapter 14 of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals provides a helpful start, but the legal framework for integrated approaches to marine sustainable use is not fully provided by the current law of the sea, or even by the combination of the many accords that in one way or another affect ocean use. I have had the good fortune to work closely with environment and development authorities and scientists in three major ocean countries, namely, Canada, Indonesia, and China, plus carrying out ocean-related activities in a","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125098929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Scientific and Technical Methodologies in the Delimitation of Maritime Spaces","authors":"Galo Carrera","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_027","url":null,"abstract":"The most important modern theoretical contribution made to ocean boundary-making is the recognition that establishing maritime boundaries and outer limits of national maritime spaces has a functional role.1 Under this theory, boundaries and limits are not regarded as separate jurisdictional or geometric entities, but rather they are important elements for sustainable development of the oceans. The theory of ocean boundary-making has been the subject of intense interdisciplinary research.2 The value of the contributions made by any particular discipline towards the delimitation of a maritime boundary is largely measured by its ability to support more effective ocean governance. Contemporary international practice recognizes the fundamentally interdisciplinary nature of the delimitation of maritime spaces. The roles of technical and scientific experts has evolved from simple technical tasks of depicting a geometric line or area on a nautical chart to developing a wide set of creative boundary scenarios and proposals. The boundary scenarios are developed in view of all the legal, historic, economic, strategic, technical, and scientific data and information available for the particular maritime region and are depicted in a variety of formats. Flexibility to accommodate any intrinsically special and relevant circumstances of each maritime boundary seems to be one of the key factors for success. This essay cannot provide a full description of the evolution of ocean boundary-making methodologies. Instead it highlights the evolution of the scientific methodology employed in the delimitation of international maritime spaces, which comprises two components: the determination of the outer limits of","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134116158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Port State Control: An Important Concept in the Safety of Life at Sea, the Protection of the Marine Environment, and of Goods in Transit","authors":"A. Knight","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_080","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, the power to regulate merchant ships resided with the nation where the ship was registered. When seaborne trade was geographically limited, this method of control was somewhat effective. With the expansion of the European empires, the ability of nations to regulate ships flying their flag was diminished by distance, and they would appoint consuls, or merchants, to represent them in distant ports, and they would advise masters on commercial matters, and on local ship-repair facilities. Lloyd’s of London, which, as insurers, had a financial interest in arranging reliable repairs to damaged ships, began in the 1740s, to hire shipwrights to represent their interests in overseas ports, and to appoint surveyors at major ports along the trade routes of the British Empire. Other nations, such as France, Germany, Norway, and the United States adopted this system, which worked fairly well for 200 years. However, in 1967, the Arab-Israeli War resulted in the closure of the Suez Canal, lengthening oil supply-lines of the Western industrial nations, as ships were forced to travel from the Middle East using the longer route past the southern tip of Africa. As a result, freight rates increased dramatically, prompting the ordering of hundreds of ships to take advantage of these increased rates. When the Suez Canal re-opened in 1975, too many ships were chasing too few cargoes, and freight rates plummeted. Many shipowners went bankrupt, and those who survived had to drastically cut their costs. Most of a shipowner’s costs are ‘hard costs’ (mortgage, insurance, fuel, spare parts) over which there is little control. The only ‘soft costs’ are registration and crewing. Many shipowners removed their ships from the high-cost industrial nations, and re-registered them with lower-cost ‘flags of convenience’ (FoC). By registering with a FoC, the shipowner was able to replace the highwage unionized workforce of industrialized nations with crew from nations with low wages. This labor outsourcing came at a hidden cost as many of the ‘new’ crews were inexperienced, and inadequately trained. This led to several accidents, many involving serious oil-pollution, such as Torrey Canyon (1967) and Argo Merchant (1976), and an awareness that safety standards in merchant shipping were in serious decline. In a related development, the classification","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133099399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Ocean Peace: Resolving Disputes Cooperatively and Empathetically through Negotiation","authors":"Nayha Acharya","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_093","url":null,"abstract":"Oceans have immeasurable value. They are replete with natural resources and food sources; they enable transportation and recreation; they regulate earth’s climate. In sum, they make invaluable contributions to our physical, economic, and political well-being. And wherever there is something valuable, there are disputes over how that value should be maintained, grown, owned, and distributed. Internationally, disputes over maritime boundaries, access routes, drilling rights, and resource exploration are prolific. A sizeable bulk of international litigation is generated by ocean disputes. In the domestic context, disagreement among stakeholders as to environmental quality and pollution, natural resource management and conservation, geo-engineering, and oceanbased research and technology, are just some arenas of ocean-related disputes. Given the inevitability of such conflicts, it is prudent to consider how we ought to resolve our disputes when they arise. In this essay, I offer some reflections on the utility of informal dispute resolution through cooperative negotiation as a means of resolving ocean-based disputes responsibly and peacefully. I note at the outset, though, that formal processes of dispute resolution, that is adjudication through a court or tribunal, are necessary for effective governance.1 Formal processes produce binding outcomes and set legal precedents, their outcomes are public, and the procedural safeguards that characterize formal dispute resolution can help prevent abuses of natural justice and ensure the rule of law. Without formal dispute resolution mechanisms in place if needed, negotiated outcomes are less likely to be fair and equitable— absent any formal oversight, a more powerful party can easily force an agreement","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115495124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning: Balancing the Ecosystem Approach and the Sustainable Blue Economy","authors":"S. Coffen-Smout","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_045","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of coastal and marine spatial planning (cmsp) originates from the 1970s term ‘sea-use management and planning’ to address growing problems of multiple ocean-use conflicts.1 A comprehensive approach to the governance of maritime affairs was proposed by academics, including controlling human use interactions and related data requirements. It recognized the challenges of developing integrated management frameworks and data and information systems for decision-making. The post-2006 concept of cmsp developed at a unesco workshop that year adopted pivotal ecosystem approaches to management as the basis for its implementation.2 While interpretations of cmsp vary globally, it is generally defined as “a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives that usually have been specified through a political process.”3 In fact, cmsp processes are as important as the plan itself in building trust, understanding, and political acceptance. cmsp has become an international tool for ocean space management,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123886280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Sustainable Tuna Resource Management and Economic Development: Small Island Developing States Perspectives","authors":"E. Ledua, J. Veitayaki","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_062","url":null,"abstract":"In small island developing states (sids), sustainable fisheries are the overriding goal of balancing fisheries management for important resources such as tuna and economic development.1 However, reports over time have shown that fisheries management in general has continued to fail, sometimes spectacularly. Key factors that have hindered the effectiveness of fisheries management in sids include the combined effects of small fisheries departments, degradation of supporting ecosystems, heavy exploitation, environmental degradation,2 uncertainties of scientific information, unpredictable variations in the growth of fish stocks, heightened economic development demands, and error in the implementation of management measures.3 Determining sids’ perspectives on what sustainability entails and ways of balancing tuna resource management and economic development is difficult but necessary, as it determines the long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources such as tuna. Four species of tuna—albacore (Thunnus alalunga), bigeye (T. obesus), yellowfin (T. albacares), and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis)—are important to Pacific sids due to their value, high abundance, and level of dependence. Tuna caught within national waters of fifteen Pacific sids that are members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (ffa) region contributed approximately 1.5 million metric tonnes (valued at US$2.8 billion) of about","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121454626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ITLOS Experience in Dispute Resolution","authors":"P. Gautier","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_031","url":null,"abstract":"After 20 years of existence,1 the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (‘the Tribunal’ or itlos) has established itself as a judicial institution for the settlement of sea-related disputes. This is evidenced by international practice. So far, 23 contentious cases and two advisory cases have been submitted to it,2 compared to 26 contentious cases also relating to the law of the sea, during the","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123274823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}