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Mózg z moralnego punktu widzenia. Postulat neurobiologicznej „rekalibracji etyki” 从道德的角度看大脑。神经生物学“伦理学重新校准”的假设
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-09-03 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1249
B. Chyrowicz
{"title":"Mózg z moralnego punktu widzenia. Postulat neurobiologicznej „rekalibracji etyki”","authors":"B. Chyrowicz","doi":"10.33392/diam.1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/diam.1249","url":null,"abstract":"Z propozycją rekalibracji etyki i zastąpienia jej neuroetyką wystąpiła Patricia S. Churchland.  Churchland twierdzi, że im bardziej rozumiemy szczegóły funkcjonowania naszego systemu nerwowego, tym bardziej jesteśmy przekonani co do tego, że przyjmowane przez nas standardy moralnego działania są uwarunkowane neurobiologicznie. Od roku 2002 termin „neuroetyka” funkcjonuje jako nazwa nowej subdyscypliny etyki. Wymienia się w niej dwa zasadnicze działy: etykę neuronauki i neuronaukę etyki. Pierwszy dotyczy zasadniczo moralnych problemów związanych z zastosowaniem osiągnięć neuronauk, przedmiotem drugiego: neuronauki etyki, jest wpływ, jaki wiedza z zakresu neuronauk ma na nasze rozumienie etyki. Artykuł jest krytyczną prezentacją nowej subdyscypliny etycznej i próbą pokazania, że jakkolwiek neurobiologiczne procesy mają wpływ na nasze działanie, to nie decydują o jego moralnym wymiarze.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47017249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Formy profesjonalizmu lekarskiego i ich przydatność w edukacji moralnej studentów medycyny i młodych lekarzy 医学专业精神的形式及其在医学生和青年医生道德教育中的作用
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-08-28 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1231
K. Szewczyk
{"title":"Formy profesjonalizmu lekarskiego i ich przydatność w edukacji moralnej studentów medycyny i młodych lekarzy","authors":"K. Szewczyk","doi":"10.33392/diam.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/diam.1231","url":null,"abstract":"W pierwszej części artykułu charakteryzuję trzy rodzaje profesjonalizmu lekarskiego: profesjonalizm tradycyjny, odnowiony i kompleksowy. Omawiam także czynniki kulturowe, ekonomiczne i aksjologiczne wpływające na ich kształtowanie się. Stawiam tezę, że profesjonalizm kompleksowy ze względu na jego skomplikowanie i arbitralne wyodrębnianie elementów składowych jest nieprzydatny w edukacji moralnej studentów i lekarzy. W części drugiej rekonstruuję wady i zalety profesjonalizmu tradycyjnego i odnowionego. Uzasadniam pogląd, że najważniejsza zaleta profesjonalizmu wynika z jego ambiwalencji moralnej. Nie traktuję więc tej dwuznaczności jako wyłącznie wady. Lekarz profesjonalista powinien mieć świadomość jasnych i ciemnych stron profesjonalizmu oraz umiejętność właściwego ich ważenia w danych okolicznościach – poszukiwania Arystotelesowskiego złotego środka. W ostatniej części argumentuję za umiarkowanie optymistycznym przekonaniem o przydatności profesjonalizmu tradycyjnego i odnowionego w moralnym formowaniu studentów medycyny i młodych lekarzy.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46038428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Defeating Ignorance – Ius ad Bellum Heuristics for Modern Professional Soldiers 战胜无知——现代职业士兵的启示
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-07-19 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1219
M. Zając
{"title":"Defeating Ignorance – Ius ad Bellum Heuristics for Modern Professional Soldiers","authors":"M. Zając","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1219","url":null,"abstract":"Just War Theory debates discussing the principle of the Moral Equality of Combatants (MEC) involve the notion of Invincible Ignorance; the claim that warfi ghters are morally excused for participating in an unjust war because of their epistemic limitations. Conditions of military deployment may indeed lead to genuinely insurmountable epistemic limitations. In other cases, these may be overcome. This paper provides a preliminary sketch of heuristics designed to allow a combatant to judge whether or not his war is just. It delineates the sets of relevant facts uncontroversially accessible and inaccessible to contemporary professional soldiers. Relevant facts outside these two sets should by default be treated as inaccessible until proven otherwise. Even such a rudimentary heuristic created in this way demonstrates that practical recommendations of MEC-renouncing Just War Theory are not too challenging to follow and still signifi cantly impact a compliant combatant’s behavior.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46088554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Power of Stories: Responsibility for the Use of Autobiographical Stories in Mental Health Debates 故事的力量:在心理健康辩论中使用自传体故事的责任
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-25 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1319
L. Bortolotti, A. Jefferson
{"title":"The Power of Stories: Responsibility for the Use of Autobiographical Stories in Mental Health Debates","authors":"L. Bortolotti, A. Jefferson","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1319","url":null,"abstract":" Autobiographical stories do not merely offer insights into someone’s experience but can constitute evidence or even serve as self-standing arguments for a given viewpoint in the context of public debates. Such stories are likely to exercise considerable influence on debate participants’ views and behaviour due to their being more vivid, engaging, and accessible than other forms of evidence or argument. In this paper we are interested in whether there are epistemic and moral duties associated with the use of autobiographical stories in mental health debates. We argue that debate participants have a responsibility to assess a story as evidence or as an argument when the story is put forward to support a given viewpoint. We also make some preliminary suggestions about what can be done to ensure that the use of stories contributes to the variety of the resources available to debate participants without compromising the quality of the argumentation or increasing polarisation. ","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48457527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Scientific Realism and the Future Development of Science 科学现实主义与科学的未来发展
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-25 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1119
Seungbae Park
{"title":"Scientific Realism and the Future Development of Science","authors":"Seungbae Park","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1119","url":null,"abstract":"Nickles raises many original objections against scientific realism. One of them holds that scientific realism originates from the end of history illusion. I reply that this objection is self-defeating and commits the genetic fallacy. Another objection is that it is unknowable whether our descendants will regard our current mature theories as true or false. I reply that this objection entails skepticism about induction, leading to skepticism about the world, which is inconsistent with the appeal to the end of history illusion. Finally, I argue that we have an inductive rationale for thinking that will lead our descendants to regard our current mature theories as true.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41972987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Must Right-Libertarians Embrace Easements by Necessity? 权利自由主义者必须接受地役权吗?
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-25 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3414453
L. Dominiak
{"title":"Must Right-Libertarians Embrace Easements by Necessity?","authors":"L. Dominiak","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3414453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3414453","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper investigates the question of whether right-libertarians must accept easements by necessity. Since easements by necessity limit the property rights of the owner of the servient tenement, they apparently conflict with the libertarian homestead principle, according to which the person who first mixes his labor with the unowned land acquires absolute ownership thereof. As we demonstrate in the paper, however, the homestead principle understood in such an absolutist way generates contradictions within the set of rights distributed on its basis. In order to avoid such contradictions, easements by necessity must be incorporated into the libertarian theory of property rights and the homestead principle must be truncated accordingly.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45401647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Habit, Bodyhood, and Merleau-Ponty 习惯，身体和梅洛-庞蒂
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-25 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1184
Kamil Lemanek
{"title":"Habit, Bodyhood, and Merleau-Ponty","authors":"Kamil Lemanek","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1184","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenal body is an intriguing concept, and Merleau-Ponty’s notion of habit, coupled with motor intentionality, provides a novel perspective on its inner workings. I contend that his portrayal of habit tacitly bears two faces – motoric habit and instrumental habit respectively. The former is an attunement to some bodily possibilities that are already at our disposal while the latter is an explicit relation to external objects and a process of incorporating those objects into our own bodies. These two notions play into each other, creating a mechanism that offers an intuitive illustration and simple productive definition for a dynamic picture of bodyhood. Furthermore, it carries an internal delimitation that marks the boundaries of its application. The result is a view that provides something new to current interpretations of Merleau-Ponty, as well as potential applications in areas that derived from his appeals to motor intentionality.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48332498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wybrane elementy etyki biznesu Chrisa MacDonalda Chris MacDonald商业道德精选
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1187
R. Sroka
{"title":"Wybrane elementy etyki biznesu Chrisa MacDonalda","authors":"R. Sroka","doi":"10.33392/diam.1187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/diam.1187","url":null,"abstract":"Celem artykułu jest próba uchwycenia cech charakterystycznych systemowego podejścia kanadyjskiego filozofa Chrisa MacDonalda do prowadzenia badań w zakresie etyki biznesu. W artykule omawiane są podstawowe kategorie etyczne, jakimi posługuje się MacDonald poddając analizie etycznej realne wyzwania praktyki biznesowej. Przedstawiony materiał pozwala na uchwycenie metody, jaką posługuje się MacDonald, oraz jego pogląd na ważne dylematy etyczne współczesnego biznesu.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47996077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fenomenologia a problem „w sobie” przedmiotu 现象学与主体的“自身”问题
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1163
Piotr Łaciak
{"title":"Fenomenologia a problem „w sobie” przedmiotu","authors":"Piotr Łaciak","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1163","url":null,"abstract":"Autor prezentuje własną interpretację fenomenologicznej zagadki „w sobie” przedmiotu rzeczywistego i samego świata. Rozwiązanie tej zagadki ma rozstrzygające znaczenie dla właściwego zrozumienia fenomenologii transcendentalnej. Według Husserla, rzecz transcendentna jest „w sobie” w odniesieniu do faktycznego doświadczenia, ponieważ jej esse nie rozpływa się w percipi i może istnieć nawet wtedy, gdy nie jest faktycznie doświadczana. „W sobie” przedmiotu realnego nie oznacza jednak jego istnienia poza wszelkim możliwym sposobem dania w świadomości, ale jest idealną jednością daną w nieskończonej wielości rzeczywistych i możliwych przejawów tego samego dopuszczającego określenia x. Wszystkie przedmioty realne są jednostkami sensu, ale sens nie przenika przedmiotu w nieskończoności jego przejawów, a w konsekwencji niewyczerpywalne x jako nosiciel tożsamości przedmiotu zawiera nadwyżkę wykraczającą poza sens. Zasadnicza teza artykułu brzmi, że „w sobie” rzeczy transcendentnej i świata realnego odpowiada czystemu x i jego nadwyżce przekraczającej sensy noematyczne.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42173603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Critique of Experimental Research on Selfless Assertions 无私断言实验研究批判
IF 0.3
Diametros Pub Date : 2019-03-31 DOI: 10.33392/DIAM.1051
Grzegorz Gaszczyk
{"title":"Critique of Experimental Research on Selfless Assertions","authors":"Grzegorz Gaszczyk","doi":"10.33392/DIAM.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33392/DIAM.1051","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I show that Turri’s (2015a) experimental study concerning selfless assertions is defective and should therefore be rejected. One performs a selfless assertion when one states something that one does not believe, and hence does not know, despite possessing well supported evidence to the contrary. Following his experimental study, Turri argues that agents in fact both believe and know the content of their selfless assertions. In response to this claim, I demonstrate that the conclusions he draws are premature in this regard. More specifically, I criticize his methodology, showing that his study is not only incomplete but also yields contradictory results. In closing, I propose how such a study should be conducted in order to receive comprehensive results.","PeriodicalId":42290,"journal":{"name":"Diametros","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42495024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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