Diffusion of Innovation eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Adoption of E-Commerce by Individuals and Digital Divide: Evidence from Spain","authors":"Angel Valarezo, Rafael López, Teodosio Pérez Amaral","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3350598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3350598","url":null,"abstract":"E-commerce penetration rates are distant among those groups of individuals with the lowest and the highest levels of online shopping adoption. This is an indicator of digital divide, having negative effects in terms of untapped opportunities for people, companies and the whole economy. Key socioeconomic and demographic determinants of adoption of ecommerce are explored, analyzing a dataset of 174,776 observations for the period 2008-2017 in Spain. The empirical analysis is based on a standard neoclassical utility maximization framework. Linear probability model, logistic regression, and Heckman’s sample selection correction model have been used. The results suggest that e-commerce adoption is positively related with being male, having higher levels of education, income and digital skills, being Spanish, and being employed; while being female, older and belonging to a household of two or more members have negative effects. An interaction between digital skills and age has been introduced in the model, where high digital skills seem to have a positive influence, partly counteracting the lower odds for some age groups. Policy recommendations related to demand and supply measures are suggested to foster the adoption of e-commerce.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129175352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Scientific Progress Affect Culture? A Digital Text Analysis","authors":"Michela Giorcelli, N. Lacetera, Astrid Marinoni","doi":"10.3386/W25429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25429","url":null,"abstract":"We study the interplay between scientific progress and culture through text analysis on a corpus of about eight million books, with the use of techniques and algorithms from machine learning. We focus on a specific scientific breakthrough, the theory of evolution through natural selection by Charles Darwin, and examine the diffusion of certain key concepts that characterized this theory in the broader cultural discourse and social imaginary. We find that some concepts in Darwin’s theory, such as Evolution, Survival, Natural Selection and Competition diffused in the cultural discourse immediately after the publication of On the Origins of Species. Other concepts such as Selection and Adaptation were already present in the cultural dialogue. Moreover, we document semantic changes for most of these concepts over time. Our findings thus show a complex relation between two key factors of long-term economic growth – science and culture. Considering the evolution of these two factors jointly can offer new insights to the study of the determinants of economic development, and machine learning is a promising tool to explore these relationships.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117121596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Technologies, Global Value Chains, and Developing Economies","authors":"D. Rodrik","doi":"10.3386/W25164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25164","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the exports of developing countries are channeled through global value chains (GVCs), which also act as conduits for new technologies. However, new capabilities and productive employment remain limited so far to a tiny sliver of globally integrated firms. GVCs and new technologies exhibit features that limit the upside and may even undermine developing countries’ economic performance. In particular, new technologies present a double whammy to low-income countries. First, they are generally biased towards skills and other capabilities. This bias reduces the comparative advantage of developing countries in traditionally labor-intensive manufacturing (and other) activities, and decreases their gains from trade. Second, GVCs make it harder for low-income countries to use their labor cost advantage to offset their technological disadvantage, by reducing their ability to substitute unskilled labor for other production inputs. These are two independent shocks that compound each other. The evidence to date, on the employment and trade fronts, is that the disadvantages may have more than offset the advantages.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134487366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Vertical Separation and Competition: Evidence from US Electric Utility Restructuring","authors":"Thomas P. Triebs, M. Pollitt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3306144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3306144","url":null,"abstract":"Competition increases firm productivity, but in network industries, effective competition requires the vertical separation of firms. Although not necessarily, separation can lead to a trade-off between technical efficiency gains from competition and losses from separation. We use the case of US electric industry restructuring to analyze the combined effect of competition and vertical separation, as well as the individual effects. We analyze the difference-in-difference in inefficient costs between divested units and non-divested units across restructuring or non-restructuring states. We estimate firm-level inefficiency using a non-parametric model of the technology. As the true production technology is unobserved and might differ across firms and time we repeat the analysis for different specifications of the technology. We find that in the worst case the positive competition effect is canceled by a negative separation effect. However, for most models of the technology, the overall effect is positive due to a positive separation effect. We also find that the effects depend on the length of the post-treatment period. Whereas the overall effect is negative right after restructuring it turns positive and grows over time.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132679372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bounded Opportunities of Digital Enterprises in Global Economic Peripheries","authors":"N. Friederici, Mark Graham","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3249499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3249499","url":null,"abstract":"Digital enterprises from the US, Europe, and East Asia have been recognized for their potential to achieve global market reach, and for forming a globalized digital infrastructure. However, digital enterprises from economically peripheral countries have usually remained local. This paper seeks to understand the enterprise-level reasons for these global differences. Drawing on in-depth interviews with founders, we empirically examine the value creation and geographical market scope of 73 digital enterprises in Lagos, Nairobi, Accra, and Kigali. We develop theory that explains why enterprises in global economic peripheries are able to exploit some but not all opportunities of digital technologies. In contrast to the claim in current scholarship that digital enterprises can operate in relatively unbounded ways, we find that African enterprises cannot compete in global digital markets and are ultimately compelled to offer localized digital products. Based on these findings, we theorize that digital products with the greatest global scaling potential are the least likely to be owned and controlled by digital enterprises located in economic peripheries. We thus encourage scholars of digital enterprise to more carefully take geographical variation into account, and acknowledge technological drivers of increasing unevenness in the global digital economy.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128628707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fast Method for Agent-Based Model Fitting of Aggregate-Level Diffusion Data","authors":"Yuanyuan Xiao, Jingti Han, Zhouping Li, Ziyi Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2844202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2844202","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides theoretical arguments and simulation evidence regarding how a differential equation-based diffusion model (DE) can be used to improve the efficiency of an agent-based model (ABM) fitting market-level diffusion data. Using computational experiments, we observe that the DE fits ABM diffusion processes very well and that the linear correlativity between the ABM parameters and their corresponding DE estimates is very well in a wide range of settings. However, as significantly systematic biased forecasts of the DE for ABM diffusion processes exist, the ABM cannot be replaced by the DE to forecast real-world diffusion. Based on these findings, we design a fast parameter estimation method for the ABM by integrating the DE into a component to locate an initial point near the optimal solution.The empirical study demonstrates that the proposed procedure can search out the optimal solution by evaluating only a small number of points. Furthermore, the empirical study also demonstrates that certain ABMs and the simple averaging method have better explanatory and forecasting performance than the DE. This method prepares the ABM to forecast innovation diffusion and also makes a contribution to the literature on the validation of ABM.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132928953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Compliance Time in Patent Examination: An Experimental Study","authors":"Sven J. Fischer, Marco Kleine, D. J. Zizzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2927925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2927925","url":null,"abstract":"Using controlled and incentivized decision experiments, we explore whether the length of compliance periods in patent examinations affects behaviour and the overall efficiency of the system. In our stylized experiments, participants decide in the role of a patentee who faces uncertainty about the prospects of the application and must invest real effort over an extended period of time, in order to reach a minimum threshold. Overall, we find some evidence that a very long time horizon outperforms a short one.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121181889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer Innovation Adoption Stages and Determinants","authors":"Sana Khan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2934916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2934916","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research on innovation adoption is divided into two main streams: organizational innovation adoption and individual (consumer) innovation adoption. Proponents of both perspectives approach the topic in a variety of ways. Contrary to the organizational adoption, research on the consumer adoption investigates the determinants of adoption/non-adoption without considering the innovation- decision as a process. Particularly, for high involvement innovations that require efforts in terms of cost, money, and resources to switch to a new routine and behavior, innovation adoption as a multi- stage process is most relevant. In line with Rogers' (2003) multi-stage individual adoption process, this study aims to first explore the existence of distinct stages of innovation adoption and then identify the different determinants of each stage of adoption. To address both research questions, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique were used. Data was collected from individuals using two different online surveys on smartwatch and alternative engine cars (AECs). Data from the first survey was used to extract factors using EFA. The results confirmed the existence of five distinct stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Based on these results, data from the second online survey was used to identify the predictors of each stage. Different determinants in terms of perceived innovation characteristics of AECs were analyzed using a structural model. In line with temporal distance theories and loss aversion theory, the findings show that perceived benefits of an innovation explain variation in persuasion stage, while perceived losses impact implementation stage. Decision and confirmation stages on the other hand are less explained. The study contributes by confirming the existence of distinct stages of consumer adoption of high involvement innovations and developing a framework which not only determines the direction but also the strength of the relationships between different determinants and adoption stages.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116289911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Study of University Patent Activity","authors":"Cj Ryan, Brian L. Frye","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2915243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2915243","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1980, a series of legislative acts and judicial decisions have affected the ownership, scope, and duration of patents. These include: the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980; the extension of the maximum patent term in 1994; and the shift from a first to invent standard to a first to file system in 2011. These changes impacted academic institutions, both directly and indirectly, and have coincided with historic increases in patent activity among academic institutions. \u0000 \u0000This article presents an empirical study of how those three changes to the patent system precipitated responses by academic institutions, using spline regression functions to model their patent activity. We find that academic institutions typically reduced patent activity immediately before changes to the patent system, and increased patent activity immediately afterward, with an especially notable effect among research universities. In other words, academic institutions responded to patent incentives in a manner consistent with firm behavior, by reacting to the preferences of internal coalitions to capture unrealized economic value in intellectual property. \u0000 \u0000The response of academic institutions to patent law changes has profound implications for economic efficiency. Academic institutions are typically charitable organizations, with the charitable purpose of promoting innovation, among other things. Yet, academic institutions have responded to patent incentives by limiting access to innovation, in order to internalize economic value. Specifically, academic institutions typically transfer their patents to patent assertion entities or “patent trolls,” rather than practicing entities, producing externalities and inefficiency in the patent system. \u0000 \u0000This concern is highlighted by the Supreme Court’s recent grant of certiorari in TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods, in order to determine the scope of patent venue. The Court’s decision was motivated by flagrant “forum selling” in the Eastern District of Texas, which currently hears about 50% of the patent infringement actions filed in the United States, few of which have any connection to the district and most of which are filed by patent assertion entities that choose the forum based on its pro-plaintiff bias. Many observers are concerned that the concentration of patent assertion activity in the Eastern District of Texas has increased the cost of innovation. This study suggests that educational institutions may have exacerbated that problem by engaging more boldly in patent activity and ultimately transferring their patents to patent assertion entities.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125113359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leading the Diffusion of Intellectual Capital Management Practices in Science Parks","authors":"Ehsan Khavandkar, Nicholas Theodorakopoulos, M. Hart, Judith Preston","doi":"10.1057/9781137465191_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137465191_14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115678165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}