{"title":"Etruscan Dreams: Athanasius Kircher, Medici Patronage, and Tuscan Friendships, 1633–1680","authors":"Suzanne Sutherland, P. Findlen, Iva Lelková","doi":"10.1086/699710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699710","url":null,"abstract":"IN JUNE 1658 the German Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher (1602–80), famed throughout Europe for his dazzling array of publications that claimed to unlock all the most urgent scholarly mysteries of his age, sent his most recent works—Ecstatic Journey II (1656) and Examination of Plague (1658)—to Grand Duke Ferdinando II de’ Medici (r. 1621–70), explicitly seeking his patronage. Recalling the long-standing legacy of the Medici family’s support of scholarship for over two centuries, Kircher assured the grand duke that “after the death of Emperor Ferdinand, patron of glorious memory, in no other princely court do they go to lodge more willingly than in that of Your Most Serene Highness.” He was referring to Ferdinand III (r. 1637–57), who bankrolled so many of Kircher’s publications and provided the Jesuit scholar with a handsome stipend until his death in 1657. For decades, Kircher had cultivated Habsburg patronage and developed sustained rela-","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"299 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75049679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monsters of the Pastoral Stage and the Nature of the Unnatural","authors":"Karen T. Raizen","doi":"10.1086/699614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699614","url":null,"abstract":"ALL ENDS WELL in the idyllic hills of the Aminta and Pastor fido. The pastoral stage of the sixteenth century provided an escape from the realities of courtly life and a haven in which even the most dire twists and turns of plot could be resolved into a perky lieto fine. The tragic protagonist of Torquato Tasso’s Aminta, spurned by his beloved, flings himself from a cliff, but in the end he brushes it off, having landed serendipitously in some brush. Battista Guarini’s characters in the Pastor fido are hurled toward a collective tragic fate until they discover a family secret, at which point everything is resolved. Yet the pastoral stage, despite its happy resolutions, is by no means a carefree locus: in both Tasso and Guarini’s plays, darkness and death tinge every scene, displaying the morbid underbelly of the golden pastoral surface and the shadows that lurk in the hillsides. Monsters figure prominently in both the Aminta and Pastor fido. Each play features a satyr—part man, part beast—in crisis, touched by love, but unable to ever be himself loved. As satyrs they are the most visible manifestations of monstrosity but are by no means the only ones. In both works, love is proclaimed as a monstrous force, the worst the world has to offer. It is love that perverts, deprives, and pushes characters toward the inhuman, or the less-than-human. Tasso and Guarini’s vocabulary choices cement the monstrous into language: both plays are lit-","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"423 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86074895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tolomei’s Project for a Planned Renaissance of Roman Architecture—Unfinished?","authors":"B. Kulawik","doi":"10.1086/699757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699757","url":null,"abstract":"THE FAMOUS LETTER WRITTEN BY THE SIENESE HUMANIST , philologist, politician, and—later—bishop Claudio Tolomei in 1542 and published in 1547 contains a vast program of at least twenty-four books to be published by a network of learned men in Rome dealing with ancient Roman architecture and its contexts andmeanings. While this letter has been reprinted several times and referenced often, few have taken seriously what Tolomei originally wrote. For instance, he claims that the entire program could be finished in less than three years. However, modern research has accepted only one book and two related groups of archaeological drawings after tombstones and sarcophagi as resulting from the work of Tolomei’s network. Recent research instead suggests that Tolomei was right and that not only can large numbers of still understudied sources be traced to his network but also many of the famous early printed books on Roman antiquity can be as well. Following the systematic order of Tolomei’s letter, this article will give a preliminary overview of those sources and books which can be attributed—even still somewhat hypothetically—to Tolomei’s network of artists and scholars, given that they fit so well into the program’s descriptions. They should therefore be seen as concrete re-","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"275 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75570939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Function of Michelangelo in Vasari’s Lives","authors":"Deborah Parker","doi":"10.1086/697048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697048","url":null,"abstract":"HOW IS MICHELANGELO presented in the biographies of other artists in Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects? While Vasari’s 1550 and 1568 biographies of Michelangelo have been amply studied, less attention has been paid to the many references to the sculptor elsewhere in the Vite. References to Michelangelo in other biographies address a wide variety of subjects: artists who studied his work, Michelangelo’s evaluation of the work of other artists, his friendships and collaborations, antagonists who sought to thwart him, artists who influenced his work, and Vasari’s occasional disagreements with him. Although Vasari touches on some of these topics in the Life of Michelangelo, the individual biographies, taken together, provide a much fuller account of the rhythm of Michelangelo’s life and the nature of the artistic circles in which he moved. As this essay will demonstrate, a close examination of these references can provide considerable information about artistic practice in Renaissance Italy. The Michelangelo invoked throughout the other lives notably augments the “divino Michelagnolo” extolled in the sculptor’s own vita. Many of the stories about Michelangelo reported in other biographies are well known. My interest lies less in recalling them than in exploring the allusions as a group and showing how they contribute to the synchronic structure of the Lives. While it would be an exaggeration to say that the references to Michelangelo form a narrative, they do form a tendentious accumulation. Subjects recur and often appear in clusters over the course of two or more biographies: there may not be a","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"137 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83828286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shafii al-Sharif’s Subhat-al-Akhbar in the Medici Collection: Visualizing Royal Genealogy in the Persico-Islamic and the Medici Courts","authors":"Mahnaz Yousefzadeh","doi":"10.1086/697075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697075","url":null,"abstract":"THIS ESSAY IS THE FIRST INVESTIGATION of a rare sixteenth-century Ottoman genealogical scroll that is archived in the Laurentian Library in Florence, the Subhat-al-Akhbar. The scroll’s preface identifies the author as Shafii al-Sharif, who addresses Sultan Süleyman as the sitting padshah, or king of kings. No reliable historiographical or biographical information on the production or provenance of al-Sharif ’s scroll exists. Three later versions of Subhat-al-Akhbar from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that are based on al-Sharif ’s are preserved in theViennaNational Library and theMetropolitanMuseum inNewYork. An early example of the genealogy of Ottoman rulers, al-Sharif ’s Laurentian scroll was produced","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"159 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80519734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“False Prophecies,” Scripture, and the Crisis of Mediation in Early Modern Rome: Sebastiano del Piombo’s Borgherini Chapel in San Pietro in Montorio","authors":"M. Libina","doi":"10.1086/697079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697079","url":null,"abstract":"THE ELEVENTH SESSION OF THE FIFTH LATERAN COUNCIL (1512–17), held on December 19, 1516, convened to address the subject of proper preaching in an attempt to suppress the proliferation of prophecies from clerics, mendicant preachers, and itinerant hermits claiming to have had a revelation from God. The council labeled such interpretations false prophecies, arguing that they misled laypeople and strayed from scripture. The decree Supernae majestatis praesidio stated: “Anumber of [preachers] are no longer preaching the way of the Lord in virtue and are not expounding the Gospel, as is their duty, but rather invented miracles, new and false prophecies and other frivolities hardly distinguishable from old wives’ tales.” Preachers’ claims to the status of modern prophets to sanction their heterodox views deeply disturbed the Roman curia. At the same time, churchmen such as Giles of Viterbo and Thomas Cajetan, who were involved in drafting the decree on preaching, believed in the reality of true prophecy. Thus, in its generalized attempt to rein in unauthorized biblical interpretation, the council pushed for preachers to","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"67 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86801866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tektonikon and Surfacescape: Architecture and the Body in the Italian Renaissance","authors":"M. Trachtenberg","doi":"10.1086/697116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697116","url":null,"abstract":"ONE OF MY CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS centers on architectural authorship. Through issues of authorship of a single building I came to reconsider the relationship of body and building in Renaissance architecture by devising the categories of Tektonikon and Surfacescape and exploring their implications— categories to be studied in the course of this essay. It is this train of thought that I present here as a lightly edited version of the Agnes Mongan lecture as it was delivered at I Tatti in 2016. The building at issue is the Pazzi Chapel in Florence. Before my research, it was regarded as the defining work of Brunelleschi, the “inventor” of Renaissance architecture. Emblematic of the entire Renaissance movement, it was considered a high point in architectural history. Thus, the chapel was made the frontispiece of the Heydenreich-Lotz quattrocento volume of the canonical Pelican History of architecture in its original 1970s edition. It also appeared on the cover of the box for the book and on the dust jacket as well. The chapel received celebrity treatment in other standard textbooks. In H. W. Janson’s widely used survey of the history of art, for example, it is allowed an exceptional four images. Its facade was even depicted on several denominations of Italian banknotes in the late twentieth century (before the Euro). Thus, one can understand why many people, and not only art historians, were sensitive to any questioning of Brunelleschi’s authorship of the chapel, as I was doing in lectures and at conferences beginning in the mid-1990s. Such sensitivity became shock and anger, mainly among Italians, particularly Florentines, when at the invitation of Francesco Dal Co, editor of the prestigious architectural journal Casabella, I published a notorious article in 1996, “Why the Pazzi Chapel Is Not","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"266 1","pages":"7 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77163354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor’s Note","authors":"Jane Tylus","doi":"10.1086/697117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697117","url":null,"abstract":"The cover for this issue features a predella panel from the Berenson collection by the Sienese artist Matteo di Giovanni of a young Augustine in elegant dress, eyes closed, a book in his hand (fig. 1). We find him in desolate terrain, albeit marked by an elaborate architectural structure emitting from one of its windows a heavenly light. Kneeling in prayer not far from her son is Augustine’s mother, Monica, her gaze steadily focused on the drowsy young man. In this quasi-mystical space— the stony slabs make one think of Jerome’s or Anthony’s time in the desert—Matteo gives us the moment just before Augustine’s eyes fall on the passage from Paul’s letter to the Romans, in which the apostle counsels his readers to “put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh in its concupiscence” (Rom. 13: 13–4). This is thus the setting of conversion, even if it is hardly the “Milanese garden” of the Confessions, where Augustine hears the voice telling him to “tolle, lege”—take and read the words of the Bible randomly opened before him. Painted for the church of Sant’Agostino in the little town of Asciano around 1474, this is the only surviving panel from the predella to Matteo’s altarpiece of Mary’s assumption—another exemplary mother awakening sons and daughters to the possibility of a new life as she rises majestically from the open tomb. Augustine’s open book, particularly one opened randomly to a phrase, hearkens back to the Sortes Vergilianae. But by the time of Matteo’s panel, it would have had less “pagan” overtones. In her essay in this issue on the Borgherini chapel in Rome, Marsha Libina calls attention to a phrase on a curled piece of parchment from Sebastiano del Piombo’s painting: “it will be opened in time” (aperietur in tempore). Libina notes that the Confessions itself ends with the phrase “sic aperietur” (it shall be opened), and that Augustine uses the verb for opening throughout his text. Or, as Libina writes, in Book VI, Ambrose “opened (aperiret) the true, spiritual meaning of certain pas-","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90484418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Astrology (1486–1493): From Scientia Naturalis to the Disputationes adversus astrologiam","authors":"O. Akopyan","doi":"10.1086/697034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697034","url":null,"abstract":"THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE astrological ideas of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) still remains one of the most intriguing aspects of his legacy. Although Pico explicitly dedicated only his last philosophical treatise, the Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinatricem (1493–94), to the study of astrology, his views on the subject can be found in nearly all his texts. The current article aims to show the evolution of Pico’s philosophical outlook from 1486 to 1493, the year in which he started writing the Disputationes. This focus on Giovanni Pico’s astrological views will illustrate the development of his itinéraire philosophique from early Neoplatonic writings and ambitious theological projects to the later biblical commentaries. While at an early stage of his career Pico was fascinated by recently discovered sources such as the Kabbalah, Plato, and Neoplatonic writings as a means of interpreting astrology, he would eventually deviate from them. Between 1489 and 1491 he posited for the first time the question of the communication of two essential as-","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"92 1","pages":"47 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79949699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silence and Dissent: Tasso’s Challenge to the Discourse of Oikonomia in Il padre di famiglia (1580)","authors":"C. Schaefer","doi":"10.1086/697049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/697049","url":null,"abstract":"WRITINGS ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT of the household and the family flourished in Renaissance Italy. Writers such as Leon Battista Alberti with his Libri della famiglia (Books on the family; 1433–41), Sperone Speroni with his Dialogo della cura familiare (Dialogue on family care; 1542), and Torquato Tasso with Il padre di famiglia (The father of the family; 1580) commented on housekeeping (governo della casa) or family care (cura familiare). Relying on the tradition of ancient oikonomia, that is, the art of household management, these writers drew from famous works such as Xenophon’s Oikonomikos (The householder), the pseudoAristotelian Oikonomika (Economics) and even the Aristotelian Politics. In premodern oikonomia not only economic aspects in the modern sense of the word (i.e., the treatment of goods and financial questions) were at stake but also the social relationships between family members. That is why major questions driving premodern economic texts are concerned with how a good pater familias should treat his wife, children, and servants and how he should administer the goods of his household—a familymore inclusive than today’s, comprised of all who live together in a household. The following essay will analyze in detail an example from Tasso’s Il padre di famiglia in order to demonstrate how this dialogue challenges traditional economic","PeriodicalId":42173,"journal":{"name":"I Tatti Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"185 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80733494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}