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Permissible Limitations to Freedom of Religion and Belief in Nigeria 尼日利亚对宗教和信仰自由的允许限制
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10009
A. Garba
{"title":"Permissible Limitations to Freedom of Religion and Belief in Nigeria","authors":"A. Garba","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The application of permissible limitations to restrict freedom of religion and belief in Nigeria continues to generate debate among scholars. This article applies a socio-legal methodology to analyse the legal rationale that Nigerian courts have used in cases concerning limitations to freedom of religion or belief. First, the article explores the history of the legal frameworks for the protection of freedom of religion and belief including its limitation in Nigeria. Second, the article analyses Nigerian courts’ interpretation of the concept with specific reference to the legal rational used. Third, the article investigates the application of the proportionality test to balance the regulatory power of the state and citizens’ right to practice their religion. The article engages with case-law on freedom of religion, mostly from High courts and Court of Appeal in Nigeria. The article contains contributions from several scholars, religious groups, public officials, Non-Governmental Organisations obtained through interviews at their various offices.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia: Norms and Practices 印度尼西亚对宗教或信仰自由的限制:规范和实践
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10003
Z. Bagir, Asfinawati, Suhadi, Renata Arianingtyas
{"title":"Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia: Norms and Practices","authors":"Z. Bagir, Asfinawati, Suhadi, Renata Arianingtyas","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The landscape of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in Indonesia has been shaped by two elements: first, the progressive adoption of human rights in the new laws and amended constitution, as a result of the democratization which started in 1998; second, the old governance of religion which acknowledges limited religious pluralism and emphasizes harmony over freedom. A striking feature resulting from this combination is the addition of “religious values” as a ground of FoRB limitation in the new chapter on human rights in the amended Constitution, which otherwise draws its inspiration from the ICCPR and other international human rights covenants. Indonesian “public order” and “public morals” are understood to consist of, among other things, respect and protection of religious values. While the emphasis on religious values and public order produces most restrictions, when it comes to limitations to FoRB on grounds of public health, the government seems reluctant to impose necessary restrictions.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46293087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
An Empirical Investigation of the Use of Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief at the European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法院使用宗教或信仰自由限制的实证调查
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10005
Thiago Alves Pinto
{"title":"An Empirical Investigation of the Use of Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief at the European Court of Human Rights","authors":"Thiago Alves Pinto","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Most literature on freedom of religion or belief argues that there should be a high threshold for the imposition of limitations to the manifestation of the right. However, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights shows that the bar is much lower than academics suggest. This article explores this issue by analysing a plethora of cases and on the basis of interviews with lawyers connected to the Court. While the Court often considers the requirements of legality, legitimacy, and necessity, it does so briefly; focusing mostly on the analysis of proportionality and the margin of appreciation to the State in question. This approach makes the decisions exceedingly subjective and leads to little legal certainty in the area. Therefore, it is suggested that if the Court would analyse all criteria to impose limitations strictly, it could become more efficient while providing greater protection for persons to manifest their religion or belief.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43063309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Georgia: Legislation and State Policy 限制宗教或信仰自由在格鲁吉亚:立法和国家政策
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10006
Ekaterine Chitanava, Mariam Gavtadze
{"title":"Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Georgia: Legislation and State Policy","authors":"Ekaterine Chitanava, Mariam Gavtadze","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article demonstrates legal and non-legal limitations of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in Georgia, characterized by an absence of relevant case law of common courts about restrictions to FoRB with legitimate aims. Instead, the State is using various instruments for interference, such as administrative barriers and artificial obstacles for religious communities. In certain occasions, its policy and practice do not comply with the constitutional principles and international human rights commitments of the country. The State’s preferential treatment of the dominant and influential religious institution, the Georgian Orthodox Church, ostracises other religious communities. This is further aggravated by the attempts of securitising and weaponising FoRB.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Criteria and Constraints: the Human Rights Committee’s Test on Limiting the Freedom of Religion or Belief 标准与约束:人权事务委员会对限制宗教或信仰自由的检验
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10002
G. Gunatilleke
{"title":"Criteria and Constraints: the Human Rights Committee’s Test on Limiting the Freedom of Religion or Belief","authors":"G. Gunatilleke","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Human Rights Committee—the treaty body established under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights—performs a vital function in supervising the Covenant’s implementation. This article presents an analytical account of the Committee’s approach to determining the permissibility of limitations on the freedom of religion or belief under the Covenant. It finds that the Committee has set out certain primary legal criteria when determining the permissibility of a limitation. The Committee has then articulated certain additional normative constraints that apply to states’ authority to limit rights—such as the requirement that the limitation be compatible with the principle of non-discrimination. Based on an analysis of the Committee’s general comments and jurisprudence, the author argues that the Committee has offered a path towards imposing on states a heavier burden to justify limitations on the freedom of religion or belief.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49042307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Limiting Permissible Limitations: How to Preserve the Substance of Religious Freedom 限制允许的限制：如何保护宗教自由的实质
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2020-04-23 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10001
Heiner Bielefeldt
{"title":"Limiting Permissible Limitations: How to Preserve the Substance of Religious Freedom","authors":"Heiner Bielefeldt","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The question of how to draw legitimate limits to the content and exercise of human rights has caused many controversies, not only in academic debates, but also in human rights practice. Governments often invoke limitation clauses linked to human rights provisions as a broad allowance to impose restrictions. However, the main function of those clauses is actually to limit the scope of permissible limitations. This chapter takes freedom of religion or belief as a test case to illustrate the role of limitation clauses. Moreover, from an adequate understanding of limitation clauses, the popular “balancing” semantics deserves serious criticism, since it obfuscates the task to preserve the substance of human rights guarantees even in situations of normative conflict.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-bja10001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48953572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Hidden under Headscarves? Women and Religion in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights 藏在头巾下面？欧洲人权法院判例法中的妇女与宗教
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-bja10022
Eva Brems
{"title":"Hidden under Headscarves? Women and Religion in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights","authors":"Eva Brems","doi":"10.1163/18710328-bja10022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper offers an analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights at the intersection of women’s rights and religious freedom. It maps different configurations of gender and religious interests across the corpus of case law, and analyses the Court’s intersectionality practice.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47936932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Contesting “Family” at the United Nations Human Rights Council 在联合国人权理事会辩论“家庭”一词
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2019-08-13 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-13021147
M. Voss
{"title":"Contesting “Family” at the United Nations Human Rights Council","authors":"M. Voss","doi":"10.1163/18710328-13021147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-13021147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There is general agreement that families are considered an important building block of society. However, in international fora, there is significant disagreement about what constitutes family. This article discusses the development of the Protection of the Family initiative at the UN’s primary human rights body, the UN Human Rights Council. This article uses Protection of the Family resolutions at the Council to build upon theories of norm contestation in international relations and international law. Elite-level interviews and participant observation of Council meetings on the four Protection of the Family resolutions adopted at the Council show that both advocates and opponents of Protection of the Family argue that their positions adhere to universal rights and prior law while their opponents are revisionist. In addition, the article illustrates a series of new strategies adopted by advocates of Protection of the Family that may be used in other resolutions to advance human rights agendas.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-13021147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48269650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Weaponising Religious Freedom: Same-Sex Marriage and Gender Equality in the Philippines 武器化宗教自由:菲律宾的同性婚姻与性别平等
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2019-08-13 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-13021146
J. Cornelio
{"title":"Weaponising Religious Freedom: Same-Sex Marriage and Gender Equality in the Philippines","authors":"J. Cornelio","doi":"10.1163/18710328-13021146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-13021146","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article spells out the ways in which religious freedom has been deployed against proponents of same-sex marriage and gender equality in the Philippines. While the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community and allies have appealed to religious freedom to gain equal rights under the law, conservative Christian entities have fought back by invoking the same notion. They have appropriated religious freedom, which has historically been interpreted by the courts in favour of individual liberties, to defend majoritarian values surrounding sexuality. This article describes this move as the weaponisation of religious freedom in defence of the dominant religion and an assumed majority of Filipinos whose moral sensibilities are purportedly under attack. Towards the end, the article relates this weaponisation to the experience of the Catholic Church in the contemporary public sphere and the militant character of Christianity that continues to view the Philippines as a Christian nation.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-13021146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48530589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Orientalism in the European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法庭中的东方主义
IF 0.4
Religion & Human Rights Pub Date : 2019-03-27 DOI: 10.1163/18710328-13021145
C. Skeet
{"title":"Orientalism in the European Court of Human Rights","authors":"C. Skeet","doi":"10.1163/18710328-13021145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-13021145","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article provides an anti-Orientalist critique of jurisprudence within the European Court of Human Rights. Discussion is located in the context of the longstanding debate over what it is to be “European” and an awareness of how these wider discourses shape rights adjudication at national and intra-national levels in Europe. Argument draws on literature from post-colonial theorists, cultural studies, and feminist legal theory which identify and discuss “Orientalist” discourses to analyse the production of legal knowledge and jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights. The article argues that Orientalist discourses affect the ways that the Court constructs and positions both the claimant and the respondent state in human rights claims. These constructions influence cases involving Muslim claimants and have a particularly negative impact on the outcome of claims by visibly-Muslim women. The final part of the article suggests ways that these negative discourses and constructions can be countered.","PeriodicalId":42092,"journal":{"name":"Religion & Human Rights","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18710328-13021145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41371849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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