Journal of Korean Religions最新文献

{"title":"Religion and Media: No Longer a Blindspot in Korean Academia","authors":"Jin Kyu Park, Kyuhoon Cho, Sam Han","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary social life, religion and media cannot be said to be separated. Contrary to the long-lasting understanding that the two are independent from each other, the spheres of religion and media are closely intertwined. Dynamic and increasing connections have been observed and reported by a range of scholars. Indeed, the scholarly interest in the relationship is a fairly recent one. Only thirty years ago, religion was just a blindspot within media studies (Hoover and Venturelli 1996). Similarly, media were an overlooked issue in religious studies. However, the new millennium witnessed a fast-growing attention to the interactions in both fields, demonstrated by two simultaneously released pieces of literature. On the one hand, Journal of Media and Religion was launched in 2002 by a community of media scholars who had investigated the religious dimension of media-related phenomena. In the preface to the inaugural issue, the respected media scholar James Carey noted that ‘‘[N]one of these religious phenomena can be understood without reference to media that organize religious community, transcribe and embed religious belief, and create both collective memory and modern politics’’ (Carey 2002, 3). On the other hand, a year earlier, a group of religion researchers collected twenty-five articles in an edited volume entitled Religion and Media. Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber, the volume’s editors, summarized their efforts as confronting ‘‘the conceptual, analytical, and empirical possibilities and difficulties involved in addressing the complex issue of religion in relation to ‘media,’ that is to say, ancient and modern forms of mediatization such as writing, confession, ritual performance, film, and television, not to mention the ‘new technological media,’ of which the Internet is the most telling example’’ (de Vries and Weber 2001, vii).","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"10 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Nature and Buddha Nature in Wŏnhyo","authors":"J. W. Kim, R. Mcbride","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to the view of humanity as in a quest for truth between reason and animal nature in the Western philosophical tradition, between wholesomeness and unwholesomeness in Confucianism, and between stillness and motion in Daoism, proponents of Buddhism understand humanity as in a search for truth between impurity and purity, or in other terms, of being composed of an unoriginal actuality called \"delusion\" and an original potentiality called \"enlightenment.\" To more briefly express this Buddhist framework of viewing humanity, we might say, \"the mind-nature is originally pure but is contaminated by adventitious defilements.\" In this way, a mind that is originally pure is the \"pure mind of self-nature\" (prakṛti-prabhāsvara-citta); the transformation of original nature from this kind of pure mind of the self-nature to the most interior recesses of living beings is precisely \"Buddha nature\" (pulsŏng 佛性). To Wŏnhyo, that the essence of Buddha nature is the one mind means that the original nature of humanity is \"Buddha nature as the one mind.\" Furthermore, it is harmonization between the dharma nature of \"non-duality and emptiness\" and the awakened nature of \"nature understanding itself mysteriously.\" This refers to the heart of enlightenment through realization of Buddha nature, which is precisely emptiness. Accordingly, to Wŏnhyo, the original nature of human beings is \"Buddha nature as the one mind,\" and that can be known as being \"Buddha nature by means of emptiness.\"","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"29 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44336256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardinal Sou-hwan Kim's Spirituality and Confucian Cultural Context: How Hybrid is Kim's Confucian-Christian Spirituality?","authors":"P. Pak","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Christian spirituality of Cardinal Sou-hwan Kim (1922–2009) was informed by the cultural resources of Korea, especially by classical Confucianism. This study examines facets of his Christian appropriation of the Confucian ethico-religious tradition in order to bring to light a specific texture of the hybridity of his \"Confucian-Christian\" spirituality. In so doing, it hopes as well to offer a case study of the hybrid nature of Korean Christian spirituality itself. Kim inherited the Korean Catholic heritage with its sense of compatibility and complementarity with Confucianism. Building upon it and encouraged by Vatican Council II, he assimilated Confucian resources as far as he could so as to enrich and strengthen his Christian spirituality. Thus, Confucian spirituality flowed into and fused with his contemporary Catholic spirituality. This study highlights salient Confucian traits as lived qualities of Kim's Confucian-Christian spirituality. As a Korean Christian, he doubtlessly reflected on himself in the light of the exemplary pattern of Confucius' spiritual growth as a cultural standard and mirror. This study thus dwells on intriguing parallels between Confucius' and Kim's spiritual profiles. It also stresses that in his mature public career, Cardinal Kim used well-known Confucian adages to drive home his points in a culturally meaningful way, sometimes addressing specific socio-political situations of Korea. His deliberate choice of Confucian themes is indicative of primary concerns in his life and spirituality. His use reflects, moreover, a dual concern present in both Confucian and contemporary Catholic spirituality: \"personal/religious\" and \"social/political.\"","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"185 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49409278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korean Religions in Relation: Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity ed. by Anselm K. Min (review)","authors":"Halla Kim","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"221 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47607477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Buddhist Ethics of Emptiness: Wŏnhyo on Transgression and Repentance in the Mahayana Repentance of the Six Senses","authors":"Eun-su Cho","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:One of the most important doctrines in Buddhism is anātman, which denies the existence of a self. However, if there really is no self, then how can we say that there are any wrongdoers? In turn, we could even question whether it makes any sense to repent of our sins, if there is no agent behind anything. This issue is particularly vexing from a Western philosophical standpoint, which generally emphasizes moral agency as an important aspect of ethics. However, the Korean monk Wŏnhyo (617–686) claimed that only on the basis of the doctrine of non-self and universal emptiness could we properly practice repentance while avoiding dogmatism and self-righteousness. In his view, liberation from suffering can only be achieved through a deep understanding of the nature of emptiness. This understanding can only be reached by rejecting the reality of the six sense-objects and therefore seeing the world as a kind of illusion. However, such a vision does not imply that we must step \"outside\" of the world—on the contrary, we must embrace illusion and reality as being the same. Understanding and accepting this radically non-dualistic metaphysical view results in an ethics where genuine compassion is generated spontaneously.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"31 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42545757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wŏnhyo: Buddhist Commentator Par Excellence","authors":"Robert E. Buswell","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Wŏnhyo (617–686) is best known within the Korean tradition as pilgrim, philosopher, mystic, thaumaturge, proselytist, and even touchstone of Korean unification ideology. But all these roles pale next to his importance as a commentator. In this proclivity, Wŏnhyo emulates intellectuals active within most traditional civilizations, where much of spiritual and religious understanding was conveyed through commentarial writing. Wŏnhyo's range of scholarly endeavor covered the whole gamut of East Asian Buddhist materials and the hundred or so works attributed to this prolific writer, over twenty of which are extant, find no rivals among his fellow Korean exegetes. The vast majority of Wŏnhyo's works are explicitly commentaries, and even those writings which are not are still strongly exegetical in character. The East Asian Buddhist tradition itself also treats Wŏnhyo principally as a commentator, as seen, for example, in the Song Gaoseng zhuan's (Song biography of eminent monks) inclusion of Wŏnhyo's biography in the section on \"doctrinal exegetes\" (yijie), together with a number of other Korean scholiasts who played important roles in the development of the learned schools of Sinitic Buddhism. In his virtuosity at manipulating the commentarial form, Wŏnhyo may be viewed not simply as a paragon of Korean scholarly achievement but as someone who was emblematic of the highest achievements of the Sinographic Buddhist tradition as a whole. This paper will explore the characteristics of Korean Buddhist commentary and examine the question of why Wŏnhyo used scriptural exegesis as the main vehicle for conveying his philosophical and spiritual insights.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"131 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42543377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 1,400th Anniversary of Wŏnhyo's Birth: A Special Issue","authors":"Robert E. Buswell, Eun-su Cho","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0000","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2017 marks the 1,400th anniversary of the birth of Wŏnhyo 元曉 (‘‘Break of Dawn’’; 617–686), a towering figure in the Korean religious and intellectual firmament. Wŏnhyo was an important vaunt courier in the development of Korean Buddhism and it is no exaggeration to say that it was he who created the Silla tradition of the religion. Indeed, few others have exerted the depth and breadth of influence over the subsequent development of Korean Buddhism as did Wŏnhyo. His oeuvre is among the largest in the entire Korean intellectual tradition, comprising some one hundred works, of which over twenty are extant. His influence extended beyond the Korean Peninsula to both China and Japan, and his writings continue to inspire the current generation of intellectuals in Korea, Asia, and the West. Wŏnhyo has received a great deal of scholarly attention, with scores of books and thousands of articles written about him in both Asian and European languages. This extensive attention to Wŏnhyo and his works stems from the wide range of Wŏnhyo’s own scholarly interests. Wŏnhyo wrote on essentially everything on Buddhism then available to him in the Silla kingdom and mastered the vocabulary, doctrines, and major arguments of most of the influential strands of the contemporary Sinitic Buddhist tradition. His frequent use of terminology drawn from Abhidharma texts, Madhyamaka, Chinese Dilun and Yogācāra materials, Huayan, and Indian Vinaya and Chinese preceptive materials challenges the resources of any modern scholar and demands that we no longer approach him just from within the narrow confines of religious developments on the Korean Peninsula. Instead, his scholarship requires we view his work from broad regional and disciplinary perspectives, contextualizing the various filiations of his thought within developments going on around him across the East Asian region. Indeed, the vast store of ideas found in his extant works is best understood within the confluences of the disparate streams of Buddhist thought in seventh-century East Asia, a situation of which he was fully aware and made distinguished efforts to explicate.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"5 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48995386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kingship as \"Dharma-Protector\": A Comparative Study of Wŏnhyo and Huizhao's Views on the Golden Light Sutra","authors":"S. Lee","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:\"State-protection Buddhism\" (Ch. huguo Fojiao, K. hoguk Pulgyo 護國佛敎), the idea that Buddhism protects the state from various natural as well as societal difficulties, was widely accepted in premodern East Asia. Not a few East Asian rulers who adopted Buddhism as a state ideology expected such Buddhist deities as the four heavenly kings (Skt. lokapāla, Ch. si tianwang, K. sa ch'ŏnwang 四天王) to protect the state as a result of their faith in \"state-protection\" scriptures, such as the Golden Light Sutra (Ch. Jinguangming jing, K. Kŭmgwangmyŏng kyŏng 金光明經). Although state-protection Buddhism has been approached focusing on its political aspect, from the Buddhist doctrinal viewpoint, state protection refers to none other than \"Dharma protection\" (Ch. hufa, K. hobŏp 護法), and the kings who take the responsibility of protecting the state also are protectors of the Dharma. East Asian Buddhist scholiasts, however, did not always reach consensus on the nature of kingship as Dharma protector. This article explores distinct interpretations of kingship in the Golden Light Sutra between two eminent Buddhist exegetes, Wŏnhyo 元曉 (617–686) and Huizhao 慧昭 (774–850). Although Wŏnhyo's commentary on the Golden Light Sutra, the Kŭmgwangmyŏng kyŏng so 金光明經疏, is not extant, a significant part of it is cited in Japanese monks' works, notably in Gangyō's 願曉 (835–871) Konkōmyō saishō ō kyō gensū 金光明最勝王經玄樞, and we can therefore compare it to Huizhao's commentary, the Jinguangming zuishengwang jing shu 金光明最勝王經疏. On the basis of a comparative analysis of their views on the sutra, this article discusses how the two exegetes interpret kingship in the Golden Light Sutra and reconcile the two dilemmatic concepts of commonality and particularity.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"129 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47345628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wŏnhyo's View of This World","authors":"Seunghak Koh","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"mundane realm\" refers to the space in which sentient beings abide. In early Buddhism, this mundane realm was regarded as an obstacle to be avoided and overcome. As Mahāyāna Buddhism spread, however, buddhas and bodhisattvas were venerated as beings abiding in that mundane realm and having a thorough insight into it without being defiled by it. This respect for them then led to the notion of \"supra-supramundane,\" which mandates that practitioners transfer their merits to the mundane realm without being stuck in the pursuit of the \"supramundane.\" Wŏnhyo (617–686), who is well known for his unhindered acts (K. muae haeng 無礙行), established firm doctrinal foundations for the notion of \"supra-supramundane.\" Influenced by the scholarship of the Dilun master Huiyan (523–592), Wŏnhyo identified the cognitive hindrance, mentioned in the Awakening of Faith, as the fundamental ignorance that discriminates the mundane from the supramundane. Such an attitude is also discernible in his Yŏlban chongyo. In that text, he does not consider the nirvāṇa without remainder to be an extinction of mind and body; he identified it as a unity of a sentient being's suchness with the dharma-body of buddhas. He also criticizes the Hīnayāna attachment to the nirvāṇa without remainder and upholds the idea of the nirvāṇa with remainder, which underscores active involvement in the mundane realm. He finally emphasized the nirvāṇa of nonabiding. His view of nirvāṇa is closely related to his view of this world in which he recognizes the value of bodhsattvas' salvific activities.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"47 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43093538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Re-Invention of Korean Sŏn Buddhism in the Late Chosŏn: Paekp'a Kŭngsŏn and His Three-Fold Chan Taxonomy","authors":"Seon-Uk Kim","doi":"10.1353/JKR.2017.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/JKR.2017.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the late Chosŏn period, Paekp'a Kŭngsŏn 白坡亘璇 (1767–1852) attempted to reestablish the identity of the Korean Sŏn tradition, which had been associated with the Linji school in its lineage and the Heze school in its practice. Paekp'a employed Linji's teaching of \"three statements, three mysteries, and three essentials\" as a link between the two different traditions. And based on Linji's teaching, Paekp'a laid out a three-fold taxonomy of Chan. In this taxonomy, he promoted the Linji school, with which the Korean Sŏn tradition claimed to be affiliated genealogically, as the supreme Chan school; he also unified the Korean Sŏn and Linji traditions soteriologically by placing the Heze scheme of Buddhist practice, the so-called \"sudden awakening followed by gradual cultivation,\" in Linji's teaching. In so doing, Paekp'a not only redefined Chinese Linji Chan, but also completed the process of its assimilation into the Korean Sŏn tradition.","PeriodicalId":42017,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"161 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/JKR.2017.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47420742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}