EMJ Diabetes最新文献_第8页

Transforming Growth Factor Beta-Based Therapies, a Potential Modulator of the Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes? 基于转化生长因子β的治疗是1型糖尿病免疫反应的潜在调节剂?

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2015-11-03 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10311827

E. Green

{"title":"Transforming Growth Factor Beta-Based Therapies, a Potential Modulator of the Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes?","authors":"E. Green","doi":"10.33590/emjdiabet/10311827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/10311827","url":null,"abstract":"Immunobiological interventions are proving to be an exciting new area for mobilising the immune response towards certain tumours. In contrast, classical immunotherapeutic interventions aimed at dampening the autoimmune response to host tissue have been less successful; this is particularly evident for Type 1 diabetes (T1D). In part, the failure to control autoimmunity in T1D relates to the complexity of the immune response to β cells. To resolve this dilemma, immunologists are turning to immunobiological agents that were initially deemed too high risk for therapeutic use due to their potential to inadvertently promote autoimmunity or induce deleterious side effects. Two of these immunobiological mediators under consideration are transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), both of which have shown robust control of the anti-islet response in animal models of T1D, the latter also recently documented to be acceptable for trialling in patients with T1D. In this review, both the challenges of translating immunobiological therapies discovered in animal models of T1D to man and the potential of TGFβ and tolerogenic DCs in the T1D setting will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":418035,"journal":{"name":"EMJ Diabetes","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134547628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moderate Hypoxia Exposure: A Novel Strategy to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Humans? 中度缺氧暴露:改善人类葡萄糖代谢的新策略?

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2015-11-03 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10310044

M. Vogel, E. Blaak, G. Goossens

{"title":"Moderate Hypoxia Exposure: A Novel Strategy to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Humans?","authors":"M. Vogel, E. Blaak, G. Goossens","doi":"10.33590/emjdiabet/10310044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/10310044","url":null,"abstract":"The obesity epidemic calls for novel strategies to prevent and treat obesity and its comorbidities. Several studies have indicated that the amount of oxygen to which tissues are exposed may substantially impact cardiometabolic health. Interestingly, living at high altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) seems to be associated with improved glucose homeostasis and a decreased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, normobaric hypoxia exposure has been shown to exert beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans. This may, at least in part, be explained by altered adipose tissue and skeletal muscle oxygen tension. In contrast, patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, which is characterised by episodes of severe intermittent hypoxia due to periodic collapse of the upper airway during sleep, show impairments in glucose homeostasis and are at increased cardiovascular risk. These discrepancies may be explained by the severity, duration, and pattern (number of cycles) of hypoxic episodes, but underlying mechanisms have not yet been studied in detail. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of available studies on the link between oxygen tension, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. Detailed studies to elucidate the effects of moderate hypoxia exposure on wholebody and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in humans are clearly warranted.","PeriodicalId":418035,"journal":{"name":"EMJ Diabetes","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121122250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Why Are Incretin-Based Therapies More Efficient in East Asians? Perspectives from the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and East Asian Dietary Habits 为什么以肠促胰岛素为基础的治疗对东亚人更有效?2型糖尿病病理生理与东亚饮食习惯的观点

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2015-11-01 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10312637

D. Yabe, H. Kuwata, M. Iwasaki, Y. Seino

{"title":"Why Are Incretin-Based Therapies More Efficient in East Asians? Perspectives from the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and East Asian Dietary Habits","authors":"D. Yabe, H. Kuwata, M. Iwasaki, Y. Seino","doi":"10.33590/emjdiabet/10312637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/10312637","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the most serious global health problems. This is partly a result of its drastic increase in East Asia, which now comprises more than a quarter of the global diabetes population. Ethnicity and lifestyle factors are two determinants in the aetiology of T2D, and changes such as increased animal fat intake and decreased physical activity link readily to T2D in East Asians, which is characterised primarily by β-cell dysfunction that is evident immediately after ingestion of glucose or a meal, and less adiposity compared with T2D in Caucasians. These pathophysiological differences have an important impact on therapeutic approaches. Incretin-based therapies, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), have become widely available for the management of T2D. Incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1 are secreted from the gut in response to the ingestion of various nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and enhance insulin secretion via a glucose-dependent pathway to exert their glucose-lowering effects. Recent meta-analyses of clinical trials of DPP-4i and GLP-1RA found the drugs to be more effective in East Asians, most likely due to amelioration of the primary β-cell dysfunction by increased stimulation through incretin activity. In addition, our finding that the glycosylated haemoglobin-lowering effects of DPP-4i are enhanced by fish intake, and possibly worsened by animal fat intake, suggests that dietary habits such as eating more fish and less meat can affect the secretion of incretins, and supports the greater efficacy of incretin-based therapies in East Asians.","PeriodicalId":418035,"journal":{"name":"EMJ Diabetes","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116483720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Who Gets Diabetic Macular Oedema; When; and Why? Pathogenesis and Risk Factors 糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者当;,为什么?发病机制及危险因素

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10311312

B. Turgut Ozturk

{"title":"Who Gets Diabetic Macular Oedema; When; and Why? Pathogenesis and Risk Factors","authors":"B. Turgut Ozturk","doi":"10.33590/emjdiabet/10311312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/10311312","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) presents an enormous rise in the last decades with an increasing number of diabetic patients. It has a negative impact on the health-related quality of life beside the related visual loss. Additionally, it incurs more health centre visits, higher health costs, and lower working performance. Therefore, early diagnosis and preventive measures gain more and more importance in the management of DMO. Risk factors for DMO can be divided into systemic and ocular risk factors. The leading systemic risk factors include age, type and duration of diabetes, insulin use, and glucose regulation. Hypertension, nephropathy, hyperlipidaemia, anaemia, cardiovascular disease, smoking, and amputation are other risk factors reported. In addition, susceptibility in cases with endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphism and vascular endothelial growth factor C634-G polymorphism has been reported. The severity of diabetic retinopathy, microaneurysm turnover, cataract surgery, incomplete vitreous detachment, and peripheral retinal ischaemia are among ocular risk factors. Though avoiding changes in the metabolic memory related to hyperglycaemia in the early period seems to be the most efficient treatment, nowadays close follow-up of patients with high risk and effort to control the modifiable risk factors seems to be the ideal treatment.","PeriodicalId":418035,"journal":{"name":"EMJ Diabetes","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124486871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Of the Brain in Type 1 Diabetes 1型糖尿病患者脑弥散张量成像

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10312425

J. Ann, V. Antenor-Dorsey, J. Shimony

引用次数: 2

Investigating the Different Dimensions of DPP-4 Inhibitors 不同尺寸DPP-4抑制剂的研究

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10310228

T. Mughal

引用次数: 0

Residual Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Patients: The Role of Fibrate Statin Combination 糖尿病患者的剩余心血管风险:贝特-他汀联合用药的作用

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10311401

Angelos Liontos, M. Elisaf, T. Filippatos

引用次数: 0

Pathophysiology and Imaging Techniques of Diabetic Heart Disease 糖尿病性心脏病的病理生理学和影像学技术

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10312057

D. Harrop, William Y S Wang, A. Ng

引用次数: 0

Targeting Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Cardiometabolic Disease 靶向脂肪组织脂质代谢改善心脏代谢疾病的糖代谢

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10311131

J. Jocken, G. Goossens, E. Blaak

{"title":"Targeting Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Cardiometabolic Disease","authors":"J. Jocken, G. Goossens, E. Blaak","doi":"10.33590/emjdiabet/10311131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/10311131","url":null,"abstract":"With Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease prevalence on the rise, there is a growing need for improved strategies to prevent or treat obesity and insulin resistance, both of which are major risk factors for these chronic diseases. Impairments in adipose tissue lipid metabolism seem to play a critical role in these disorders. In the classical picture of intracellular lipid breakdown, cytosolic lipolysis was proposed as the sole mechanism for triacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipocytes. Recent evidence suggests involvement of several hormones, membrane receptors, and intracellular signalling cascades, which has added complexity to the regulation of cytosolic lipolysis. Interestingly, a specific form of autophagy, called lipophagy, has been implicated as alternative lipolytic pathway. Defective regulation of cytosolic lipolysis and lipophagy might have substantial effects on lipid metabolism, thereby contributing to adipose tissue dysfunction, insulin resistance, and related cardiometabolic (cMet) diseases. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of classical lipolysis and lipophagy in adipocyte lipid metabolism under normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, the question of whether modulation of adipocyte lipolysis and lipophagy might be a potential therapeutic target to combat cMet disorders will be addressed.","PeriodicalId":418035,"journal":{"name":"EMJ Diabetes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125395546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Exercise: A Powerful Tool to Manage Type 2 Diabetes in the Ageing Population 运动:管理老龄化人群中2型糖尿病的有力工具

EMJ Diabetes Pub Date : 2014-10-01 DOI: 10.33590/emjdiabet/10310389

S. Zanuso

引用次数: 2