Remote Sensing of Environment最新文献

{"title":"Sensor-generic adjacency-effect correction for remote sensing of coastal and inland waters","authors":"Yulun Wu ,&nbsp;Anders Knudby ,&nbsp;Nima Pahlevan ,&nbsp;David Lapen ,&nbsp;Chuiqing Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adjacency effect distorts the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) spectral signals of coastal and inland waters and is a major challenge for optical remote sensing of nearshore aquatic environments. We introduce a closed-form expression that corrects for the adjacency effect prior to atmospheric correction. The method is included in an open-source Python tool, which ingests level-1 imagery and calculates the point-spread function of the atmosphere to convolve the input imagery. For each band, the difference between the observed and convolved reflectances is used to quantify and correct for the adjacency effect, <em>i.e.</em>, pixels are corrected to the TOA reflectance they would have if surrounded by pixels of identical reflectance. Validation was conducted for Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI imagery against a global dataset of coincident <em>in situ</em> radiometric measurements. Results showed improved accuracy of water-leaving reflectance derived by atmospheric correction processors, including ACOLITE, POLYMER, and l2gen, when these were applied following adjacency-effect correction. For matchups within 200 m of shorelines (<em>n</em> = 212), adjacency-effect correction resulted in an average 16.7 % reduction in root mean square error, a 32.4 % reduction in symmetric signed percentage bias, and a 36.8 % reduction in median symmetric accuracy for the three processors. The improvements were more significant in the near-infrared (NIR) range for ACOLITE, visible wavelengths for l2gen, and evenly distributed across the visible-NIR spectrum for POLYMER. We anticipate that this physics-based approach to adjacency-effect correction will lead to improved satellite-derived aquatic products for coastal and inland waters under diverse atmospheric and aquatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114433"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142369202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban surface-emitted longwave radiation estimation from high spatial resolution thermal infrared images using a hybrid method","authors":"Songyi Lin ,&nbsp;Huazhong Ren ,&nbsp;Rongyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Jinxiang Li ,&nbsp;Shanshan Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanjian Teng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Fan ,&nbsp;Baozhen Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of the surface-emitted longwave radiation (SELR) has important scientific value in understanding its spatiotemporal dynamics and surface thermal environment. Thermal infrared (TIR) images with high spatial resolution offer enhanced data support for studying SELR of complex surfaces, such as urban surface. This study proposes a new urban-oriented hybrid (UoHy) method, which considers multiple scattering and adjacent effects of urban pixel using the term sky view factor, to estimate urban SELR from the top-of-atmosphere radiance of TIR images with high spatial resolution, and performs sensitivity analysis and application. The experimental results for the thermal images of GF-5/VIMS as an example showed that the UoHy method has relatively high accuracy, and obtains SELR errors of less than 12.0 W/m² under low atmospheric water vapor conditions and less than 17.0 W/m² under high atmospheric water vapor conditions. The application of the method during daytime and nighttime also demonstrated the method's validity and effectiveness. Compared with the natural surface-oriented hybrid method, the UoHy method obtains an improvement of about 7.0–10.0 W/m² in SELR estimation, which indicates that it has the potential for practical SELR estimation over urban surface with TIR images of high spatial resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114442"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-stage estimation of hourly diffuse solar radiation across China using end-to-end gradient boosting with sequentially boosted features","authors":"Lu Chen ,&nbsp;Haoze Shi ,&nbsp;Hong Tang,&nbsp;Xin Yang,&nbsp;Chao Ji,&nbsp;Zhigang Li,&nbsp;Yuhong Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diffuse solar radiation (DR) constitutes a vital component of solar energy reaching the surface of the Earth. The demand for extensive temporal and spatial coverage of DR data has intensified in the realms of solar energy harvesting, agriculture, and climate change. However, until now, long-term DR observations have only been available from 17 stations across mainland China. Consequently, there is a pressing need to estimate spatially continuous, high-temporal-resolution DR for large-scale regions in China. The current hindrance to DR estimations stems from the scarcity of stations equipped with DR observations. This study proposes a two-stage strategy to efficiently estimate seamless DR in 2019 at a national scale, leveraging both DR and total solar radiation (TR) observations from numerous stations. In the first stage, the approach generates virtual DR at TR stations by establishing a learned relationship between DR and TR observations. Subsequently, in the second stage, these virtual DR data, in conjunction with satellite and reanalysis datasets, are utilized to estimate national-scale DR. Additionally, a novel model, End-to-end Gradient Boosting with Shortcuts and Feature selection (EGB-SF), is introduced to estimate DR over China. One advantage of this model is its consideration of the impact of sequentially boosted features and their interactions. Embedded shortcut connections fully exploit the influence of existing features on newly introduced ones during the learning process. Beyond enhancing the accuracy of DR estimation, the EGB-SF algorithm can also elucidate the relative importance levels of input features to the model. Moreover, the two-stage strategy outperforms the method of estimating national DR using only DR observations, as evidenced by its superior spatial generalization abilities. Statistical evaluation, collaborative analysis with influencing factors, and comparisons with related products confirm the accuracy and spatial continuity of the DR estimations in this study. These results furnish reliable DR data across China for research in agriculture, climate, solar radiation, and related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114445"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of SDGSAT-1 nighttime light data in extracting urban main roads","authors":"Bin Wu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Hailan Huang ,&nbsp;Shaoyang Liu ,&nbsp;Bailang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Sustainable Development Science Satellite 1 (SDGSAT-1) provides a novel nighttime light (NTL) data product with medium spatial resolution, captured by its unique Glimmer Imager (GLI) sensor. Unlike traditional NTL products, the exceptional resolution of SDGSAT-1 NTL data allows for distinct visualization of urban road networks. Although recent studies have validated the effectiveness of SDGSAT-1 NTL data in supporting various sustainable development goals, their potential for urban road extraction has not yet been thoroughly explored. To address this gap, we propose a novel terrain skeleton-based method for extracting urban main roads from SDGSAT-1 NTL images. This proposed method innovatively uses a terrain analogy, considering SDGSAT-1 NTL data as a continuous terrain surface and urban roads as terrain ridge lines to facilitate road extraction. To validate this approach, we selected nine cities with diverse sizes and complex road networks—six in China and three in the United States. Extensive experimental results showed that the proposed method effectively extracts urban roads with an average accuracy of 85.14 % using red-green-blue (RGB) bands and 83.99 % using panchromatic bands, outperforming previous methods, including the optimal threshold, line segment detector, watershed, and U-Net. The main road types extracted were residential, tertiary, secondary, and primary. Additionally, our findings indicated that SDGSAT-1 NTL data capture over 82 % of city road networks, significantly surpassing the coverage provided by the DMSP/OLS, NPP-VIIRS, and Luojia1–01 NTL data. Overall, this study confirms that the significant potential of SDGSAT-1 NTL data for urban main road extraction, offering valuable insights for improving infrastructure mapping and urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114448"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New top-down estimation of daily mass and number column density of black carbon driven by OMI and AERONET observations","authors":"Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Jason Blake Cohen ,&nbsp;Pravash Tiwari ,&nbsp;Zhewen Liu ,&nbsp;Steve Hung-Lam Yim ,&nbsp;Pawan Gupta ,&nbsp;Kai Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114436","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This work uses a mixture of observations from surface remote sensing (AERONET) and satellite remote sensing (OMI) to uniquely compute the atmospheric column loading of black carbon (BC) mass concentration density (MCD) and number concentration density (NCD) on a grid-by-grid, day-by-day basis at 0.25°x0.25° over rapidly developing and biomass burning (BB) impacted regions in South, Southeast, and East Asia. This mixture of observations is uniformly analyzed based on OMI NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; retrievals, OMI Near ultraviolet band absorption aerosol optical depth and single scattering albedo (SSA), and AERONET visible and near-infrared band SSA observations, in connection with an inversely applied MIE mixing model approach. This method uniquely solves for the unbiased spatial and temporal domains based on variance maximization of daily NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. These locations in space and time are then used to quantify the distribution of all possible individual particle core and refractory shell sizes as constrained by all band-by-band observations of SSA from AERONET. Finally, the range of NCD and MCD are computed from the constrained range of per-particle core and refractory shell size on a grid-by-grid and day-by-day basis. The maps of MCD and NCD are consistent in space and time with known urban, industrial, and BB sources. The statistical distributions are found to be non-normal, with the region-wide mean, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile MCD [mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;] of 90.3, 56.1, 81.1, and 111 respectively, and NCD [x10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; particles/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;] of 8.76, 4.63, 7.39, and 11.3 respectively. On a grid-by-grid basis, a significant amount of variation is found, particularly over Myanmar, Laos, northern Thailand, and Vietnam, with this subregional mean, 25th, 50th, and 75th MCD [mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;] of 90.7, 56.1, 81.3, and 112 respectively and NCD [x10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; particles/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;] of 9.66, 5.49, 8.33, and 12.3 respectively. On a day-to-day basis, events are determined 121 days in 2016, during which the computed statistics of MCD and NCD have mean and uncertainty ranges which scale with each other. However, there are 11 days where the uncertainty ratio of NCD values is larger than 1 while the uncertainty ratio of MCD is small, and 5 days where the reverse is observed, indicating that the particle size is strongly atypical on these days, consistent with mixed aerosol sources, a substantial change in the aerosol aging, or other such factors including a substantial region of overlap between BB and urban sources. The high values observed from March to May lead to an extended BB season as compared to previous work focusing on fire radiative power, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and models, which show a shorter season (usually ending in early April). The results are consistent with BC being able to transport significant distances. The new approach is anticipated to provide support for improving radiative forcing calculations, estimating emissions inventories, an","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114436"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical demonstration on the independence of distance and incidence angle effects for small-footprint hyperspectral LiDAR: Basic physical concepts","authors":"Jie Bai ,&nbsp;Zheng Niu ,&nbsp;Li Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distance and incidence angle effects play crucial roles in determining the raw intensity captured by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. For these two effects, the emergence of hyperspectral LiDAR necessitates a deep theoretical exploration of potential coupling relationships and wavelength dependence. From a theoretical standpoint, this study provides a systematic demonstration, based on theoretical derivation, focusing on the independence of distance and incidence angle effects and their wavelength dependence, while considering the heterogeneity of natural targets. The key findings are as follows: (1) the distance effect, which is wavelength-independent, is determined by the distance and LiDAR system, characterized by the concept of a “distance effect function”. (2) The incidence angle effect is wavelength-dependent and arises from backscattering characteristic of the target, characterized by the biconical reflectance of the measured target. An accurate expression for this effect should be “incidence angle effect of the target under hyperspectral LiDAR conditions”, rather than the “incidence angle effect of hyperspectral LiDAR system”. (3) Intensity data are simultaneously affected by distance and incidence angle, but these effects are independent and can be individually corrected. (4) Once the distance effect function is obtained for a certain LiDAR system, it can be directly used to correct the distance effect at any time during scanning tasks. However, the incidence angle effect cannot be directly corrected; it requires additional measurements to acquire surface reflection characteristics of the target at various incidence angles. Additionally, this study reviews several basic physical concepts commonly adopted by the optical remote sensing community for modeling the backscattering and reflection processes between LiDAR signals and natural targets. A simplified laser radar equation for small-footprint hyperspectral LiDAR corroborated the classic finding by Kavaya, serving as a theoretical basis for reasoning and understanding the radiative effects. While tailored for hyperspectral LiDAR, the presented fundamental physical concepts and conclusions are also applicable to traditional small-footprint single-wavelength and multispectral LiDAR systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114452"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards transferable building damage assessment via unsupervised single-temporal change adaptation","authors":"Zhuo Zheng ,&nbsp;Yanfei Zhong ,&nbsp;Liangpei Zhang ,&nbsp;Marshall Burke ,&nbsp;David B. Lobell ,&nbsp;Stefano Ermon","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid and accurate assessment of building damage in sudden-onset disasters is crucial for effective humanitarian assistance and disaster response. However, the occurrence of disasters is highly uncertain, e.g., unexpected geographic location and hazards, which challenge the conventional building damage assessment model on generalization and transferability. Unfortunately, there is little public literature on transferable building damage assessment. This is because assessing building damage using pre- and post-disaster satellite images is a complex, multi-temporal, and multi-task problem. It involves two main subtasks: building localization and damage classification, which are non-trivial to handle with generic transfer learning approaches designed for single-image and single-task problems. On the other hand, post-disaster training image availability in the target domain remains an obstacle since these generic transfer learning methods require pre-/post-disaster image pairs as target training images, resulting in a costly time window (period from obtaining post-event training image to obtaining assessment results) in disaster response. In this paper, we present a single-temporal domain adaptive semantic change detection framework, which frames domain adaptive building damage assessment and only additionally requires target pre-disaster images for adaptation training. Our framework first presents a decoupled task modeling via the equivalent form of prediction error expectations. This enables generic transfer learning methods to be used for domain adaptive building damage assessment. To fundamentally overcome the problem of post-disaster training image availability within our framework, we propose an unsupervised single-temporal change adaptation (STCA) algorithm. The main idea is “damage is everywhere”, which is motivated by the fact that building damage is a change process driven by the disaster event. We leverage target pre-disaster images and source post-disaster images to simulate such semantic change processes to provide training data, fundamentally addressing the post-disaster training image availability issue and avoiding that costly time window. The extensive experiments on global-scale and local-scale study areas suggest that our framework allows most transfer learning approaches to work well on domain adaptive building damage assessment. Our STCA achieves superior performance compared to other transfer learning approaches. More importantly, unlike other approaches that rely on target pre/post-disaster images for adaptation, it requires no target post-disaster training images. This nature significantly improves the availability of STCA in real-world disaster response for the building damage assessment model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114416"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kuroshio path variability inferred from satellite-derived sea surface topography in the northwestern Pacific","authors":"Ying-Chih Fang ,&nbsp;Wei-Teh Li ,&nbsp;Shao-Hua Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kuroshio has a fundamental impact on the regional oceanography of the northwestern Pacific. But identification of the Kuroshio path (KP), an abstraction of the course along which the Kuroshio mainstream moves, has not yet been established in a systematic manner. We optimally track the KP and study its variability in the northwestern Pacific south of ∼31°N, where eddy activity is rich. An automatic contour method based on maximum surface geostrophic velocity along a given satellite-derived dynamic topographic isoline is applied and its performance is evaluated. Our results are robust and can be further used to derive kinematical, statistical, and spectral properties of the flow field of the Kuroshio upstream. We improve the identification method by tracing two separate KPs in different subdomains. The existence of an alignment or mismatch of these two retrieved KPs hints at the arrival of an approaching eddy. The highly variable and distorted KP east of Luzon Strait and Taiwan is due to eddy impingement. Most of the variability along the KP stems from energy with time scales of ∼30–200 days and 1 year. A more consistent KP is seen north of ∼26°N, with increasing surface currents of up to ∼1 m s⁻¹ before entering through the Tokara Strait. Such regional differences result from the various impacts of impinging mesoscale eddies on the Kuroshio, mainly due to blockage by the Ryukyu Islands. Our optimally determined KP is in line with the historical shipborne subsurface velocity measurements revealing the Kuroshio velocity core and observations of strong surface currents of &gt; ∼0.5 m s⁻¹ by shore-based high-frequency radar (HFR) from locations along the east coast of Taiwan. Supportive evidence of concurrent KP distortion shows that HFR-derived vortex-like flow patterns are related to mesoscale eddies impinging from regions east of the radar footprint. Our work has value as a supplement to the data from radar operational routines, and will help interpret and diagnose these complicated HFR observations east of Taiwan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114443"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deployment-invariant probability of detection characterization for aerial LiDAR methane detection","authors":"Michael J. Thorpe ,&nbsp;Aaron Kreitinger ,&nbsp;Dominic T. Altamura ,&nbsp;Cameron D. Dudiak ,&nbsp;Bradley M. Conrad ,&nbsp;David R. Tyner ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Johnson ,&nbsp;Jason K. Brasseur ,&nbsp;Peter A. Roos ,&nbsp;William M. Kunkel ,&nbsp;Asa Carre-Burritt ,&nbsp;Jerry Abate ,&nbsp;Tyson Price ,&nbsp;David Yaralian ,&nbsp;Brandon Kennedy ,&nbsp;Edward Newton ,&nbsp;Erik Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Omar Ibrahim Elfar ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Zimmerle","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate detection sensitivity characterization of remote methane monitoring technologies is critical for designing, implementing, and auditing effective emissions monitoring and mitigation programs. Several research groups have developed test methods based on single/double-blind controlled release protocols and regression-based data analysis techniques to create probability of detection (PoD) models for characterizing remote sensor detection sensitivities. The previously created methods and models account for some of the important factors that affect detection sensitivity, such as wind speed, and in the case of Conrad et al. flight altitude. However, these models do not account for other important factors, such as 1) light levels received by the remote sensor due to variations in terrain albedo or other factors, 2) spatial density of remote sensing measurements, or 3) variation in individual sensor performance. In this paper, we build on the work of Conrad et al. by introducing a gas concentration noise (GCN) model for Gas Mapping LiDAR aerial methane detection technology that, when combined with wind speed at the emission location, accounts for all significant sensor and environmental parameters that affect detection sensitivity for scenarios involving an isolated emission source - a source that does not spatially overlap with a methane plume originating from another source location. We incorporate the GCN model into Conrad et al.'s PoD model and apply it to several sets of controlled release data acquired across widely varying deployment and environmental conditions to develop PoD models for Bridger Photonics Inc.'s first- and second-generation (GML 1.0 and GML 2.0, respectively) Gas Mapping LiDAR sensors. Finally, we compare controlled release data acquired by GML 2.0 in different geographic regions and terrain cover types, in different wind conditions, deployed on different aircraft types, and with different flight parameters. Results show that the GML 2.0 PoD model remains valid regardless of the location or conditions under which the sensors are deployed, and the aircraft and flight parameters used for deployment. Based on PoD measurements in 12 production basins across North America, the average 90 % PoD emission rate for sites measured by GML 2.0 in 2023 was 1.27 kg/h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114435"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of the potentials of L-band SAR satellites for measuring azimuth motion","authors":"Cunren Liang ,&nbsp;Eric J. Fielding ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Takeshi Motohka ,&nbsp;Ryo Natsuaki ,&nbsp;Sang-Ho Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rse.2024.114426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azimuth or along-track (approximately north-south) motion is critical in constructing three-dimensional ground motion with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites orbiting the Earth in sun-synchronous polar orbit. The main problem of measuring azimuth motion with short-wavelength SAR data is decorrelation. A fleet of newly launched and upcoming long-wavelength L-band SAR satellites bring new opportunities for measuring azimuth motion. However, azimuth motion measured with L-band SAR data often contains large azimuth shifts caused by the Earth's ionosphere. We outline the framework of separating the azimuth motion and ionospheric azimuth shift from an analysis of the ionospheric effects on SAR images and SAR measurement precisions. We demonstrate three methods, among which one is newly proposed, can separate the azimuth motion and ionospheric azimuth shift with higher precisions. We evaluate the performances of the three methods by simulations using parameters of several selected L-band SAR satellites. The results show that, at kilometer resolutions, the azimuth motion measured by multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI) can achieve centimeter precision, while the ionospheric azimuth shifts can be estimated with decimeter precision. Based on these results, a strategy for obtaining corrected azimuth motion is subsequently suggested, which achieves at least a first-order ionospheric correction of the original higher resolution MAI result. The three methods were also compared by real data processing examples. Furthermore, using real and simulated data of selected L-band SAR satellites, we present the first L-band MAI time series analysis result that measures subtle ground motion, as illustrated by the example of the postseismic deformation after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes in Japan. The performance is expected to be further improved with future L-band SAR missions that have much higher duty cycles. Some geophysical applications, in particular, those associated with the Earth's tectonic processes, can thus benefit from the azimuth motion measured by L-band SAR data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":417,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environment","volume":"315 ","pages":"Article 114426"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}