Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Socio-spatial Aspects Contributing to the Spread of COVID-19 in Yogyakarta Province (Indonesia)","authors":"R. Pramono, Ramadhani N. Putri","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.209","url":null,"abstract":"In the early pandemic, the positive cases of COVID-19 predominately occurred in the big cities in Indonesia. However, the virus spread rapidly and extensively across the cities and districts. This shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is limited to urban areas and has spread widely to more remote area This study aims to investigate the correlation between socio-economic characteristics against the spread of confirmed COVID-19 cases. In this study, we collected data from residents with confirmed positive for COVID-19 and their socio-economic profiles in 78 subdistricts in the Special Region of Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The collected data were statistically analyzed in three sequential steps, including a correlation test, classic assumption test (e.g., normality test, homoscedasticity test, and non-multicollinearity test), and multiple regression test to determine the correlation between the COVID-19-infected population and the socio-economic data in each subdistrict (as dependent variables). The results demonstrated that regions with more urban character, particularly socio-economic, were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection during the first year of the pandemic. However, the socio-spatial aspects such as population density as one of the requirements for the \"compact cities\" and the proportion of built-up land area were not contributing factors to the viral transmission. Socio-spatial aspects may influence the risk of virus transmission, but not as significantly as social factors and human behavior in an area. Therefore, efforts to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus must be more focused on social factors and human behavior.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78819959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial transformation of the migration system during the crisis","authors":"M. M. Agafoshin, S. Gorokhov, R. Dmitriev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.102","url":null,"abstract":"The article devotes to identify the features of the functioning of migration systems in crisis periods characterized by extensive increase of forced migrants' flows. The events of the European migration crisis are analyzed in the case of “Arab countries of Asia - The European Union” migration system. The transformation of the migration system is considered within the framework of geographical variant of the traditional three–stage model of migration process proposed by the authors. The first stage are explored the movements within the region of migration flows formations are explored, the second – the movements between the regions of the formation and accumulation of migration flows within transit regions, the third – the movements within the region of the accumulation of migration flows. Quick increase the number of forced migrants leads to changes in their flow characteristics at each stage, as well as to the expansion of the space of the migration system – compared with that in non-crisis periods. At the same time, there is a complication of the system's structure due to the formation of not only primary and secondary transit regions, but also mono- and poly-branched migration routes within their limits. The findings of the Modified Fractionalization Index (MFI) indicate about a significant decrease in the degree of diversification of migration routes during crisis periods. The result of the distribution of migrants within the region of accumulation is an increase of their territorial concentration. The policy of the European authorities to equalize territorial disparities in the resettlement of migrants has had almost no success. A further increase in the concentration of migrants in the largest urban agglomerations resulting from self-organized movements leads to an aggravation of the ethnic and confessional exclusion of the migrant population.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77213936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From carbon polygon to carbon farm: The potential and ways of developing the sequestration carbon industry in the Leningrad Region and St Petersburg","authors":"M. Makarova, E. Abakumov, Evgeny V. Shevchenko, N. Paramonova, N. Pakhomova, N. Lvova, M. A. Vetrova, S. Foka, Yu.N. Guzov, V. Ivakhov, D. Ionov, Anton V. Khoroshavin, V. Kostsov, S. Mikushev, E. Mikhailov, Artem A. Pavlovsky, V. Titov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.105","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the most important global problems of the 21st century. The territory of Russia is located in an area of significant observed and forecasted climate change. Achieving Russia's carbon neutrality by 2060 requires the development of a national system for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and uptake. To achieve this goal, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education launched a pilot programme to create a national network of carbon polygons. St Petersburg State University together with Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory created the concept of Ladoga carbon polygon focusing the study the greenhouse gas absorption (or sequestration) potential of forest ecosystems typical for Northwest Russia. The evolution of this project assumes the establishment of a forest carbon farm (nature-based solutions). Based on the assumption that the territories of forest areas that were previously part of the state agricultural lands of the Leningrad region can be used for carbon farms (afforestation, enhanced carbon uptake by changing land use), an estimate of CO2 absorption has been made. For the total area of forest carbon farms of 677.9 · 103 ha, it was evaluated of 3700 ± 1900 kt CO2/year or (1000 ± 520) ·106kg С/ year. It is shown that the CO2 absorption of such carbon farms can offset up to 20 % of the total CO2 emission of the Leningrad Region and not more than 8 % of the total CO2 emission for the combined region consisting of Leningrad Region and St Petersburg. The economic effect of the operation of forest carbon farms can only be achieved in the long term. At the current price level per tonne of CO2 (35 USD/(t CO2 )), a 1 hectare of forest carbon farm would yield an income of 9500 USD over a 75-year lifetime. This determines the economic feasibility of creating carbon farms, which is also due to the potential for the production of carbon units based on them, which will either be traded on carbon exchanges or be taken into account as the results of activities aimed at reducing carbon emissions.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85515647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative spatial weights matrices: methodology and application in calculating LISA","authors":"Igor Yu. Okunev, Anna E. Kushnareva","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.210","url":null,"abstract":"The heuristic potential of spatial methods depends heavily on thechoice ofa spatial weight matrix. The article illustrates the creation and use ofabsolute geographic versus relative socio-political matrix and tests both by calculating spatial autocorrelation for development indicators. Particularly, a comparison is made of spatial association patterns in geometric and geopolitical space on a sample of the 193 UN member states. The Moran's I is calculated to assess the degree of the neighborhood effect for both matrices. International clustering patterns are explored with local indicators of spatial association (LISA), plotted on a map with the two types of matrices. Comparing LISA cartograms helps identify possible opportunities for socio-political phenomena to spread throughout space, as well as the trends inthe spatial organization of the international politics. Carrying out calculations with different matrices allows us to single out groups of observations that constitute the core of the cluster. On the contrary, “transitive” observations that change their cluster affiliation in a supposedly homogeneous group, can also be detected. Also, the usage of different types of weight matrices can help highlight the “gray zones” - parts of the data set that lack spatial autocorrelation and may require additional research. Overall, the results suggest that usingboth absolute topological and relative socio-economic weight matrices is reasonable for the purposes of exploratory spatial analysis. Using matrices based on different types of variables concurrently can assist in detecting new trends in spatial organization and providing empirical confirmation for existing spatial patterns.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74247606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advective Components Determination of Mass, Heat and Substances Exchange According to Natural Data at the Mouth of the Black River (Sevastopol Region)","authors":"R. Minkovskaya, K. Slepchuk, Dmitry A. Antonenkov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.107","url":null,"abstract":"Physical and mathematical modeling of nonstationary exchange processes in the zone of interaction of heterogeneous waters at the mouths of rivers remains problematic. Therefore, the paper proposes and tests a method for estimating multidirectional water, heat and salts consumption in this zone based on field data. For this purpose, a program of long-term expeditionary research was developed, full-scale measurements were carried out in 2017–2021, an algorithm and a calculation program were developed and methods for quantifying the components of metabolic processes were tested according to full-scale studies in 2019 at the mouth of the Black river, in the zone of interaction of river water and desalinated water of the Sevastopol Bay. The article provides a methodology and an example of the assessment of water, salt and heat exchange for a representative expedition carried out under average hydrometeorological conditions during the low-water periods. Calculations are made by the analytical method, using standard programs, and by the graphical method, by graphical interpolation and planimetry of areas. The discrepancies between the results obtained by different methods were 2–7 %, which indicates the possibility of using this technique to process long-term data with sufficient accuracy. The proposed method for quantifying the components of exchange processes based on natural data can be used in any formation of different types of river mouths for balance calculations, forecasting possible changes in their state and adjacent parts of the sea under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as for calibration and verification of models.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77044413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditions of formation and sources of fluids of the birthplace of barren residential quartz of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic-metasomatic and hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis (Middle and South Urals)","authors":"M. A. Korekina, Alexandr N. Savichev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.201","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the conditions of quartz formation of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic-metasomatic and hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis of deposits and manifestations of the Middle and Southern Urals based on the study of fluid inclusions by methods of thermobarogeochemistry, ion and gas chromatography. It is established that the studied quartz objects are formed in a wide temperature range, against the background of insignificant differences in pressure values. It is shown that the temperatures of mineral formation in deposits of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic-metasomatic genesis vary from 440-230 ° C at a pressure of 1.2-1.4 kbar. The formation of these veins occurred with the participation of K-Mg-Fe-chloride fluid with a salinity of 1.2-8.7 wt. % NaCl-eq., depleted Mg and Fe due to the deposition of magnesia-ferruginous carbonates. A typomorphic feature of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic-metasomatic quartz is the high values of boron associated with the placement of quartz veins among pegmatoids and the presence of boron-containing mineral inclusions on quartz-vein objects. Veins of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis were formed when the crack system was filled with quartz with the participation of a substantially K-Na chloride fluid (0.2-15.5 wt. % NaCl-eq.), at homogenization temperatures of 435-335 ° C and a pressure of 1.3-2.3 kbar. In the composition of fluid inclusions of hydrothermal-metamorphogenic-metasomatic quartz, the sum of \"harmful\" components (H2O, CO2, CH4, Cl, B, Na, K, Mg and Li) is less than in hydrothermal-metamorphogenic quartz. The studied quartz deposits and veins were formed in the range of temperatures and pressures not higher than the green shale stage during several successive stages: the formation of quartz veins – in a more high-temperature hydrothermal stage, while subsequent changes in quartz veins occurred under the influence of metamorphism processes, with a decrease in temperature. Subsequent changes are associated with the appearance of fracturing, cataclysm and recrystallization of quartz bodies with a decrease in grain size.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87005435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical assessment of transboundary rivers (on the example of the Narva border river)","authors":"T. Potapova, Olga V. Zadonskaja, Tatyana V. Parshina","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.108","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to establish the regularities of the formation of the biogenic regime of the Narva River. Based on experimental data on the determination of concentrations of chemical elements for the long-term observation period from 1992 to 2019, a trend of reducing the content of biogenic elements over the past 14 years has been revealed. This is a consequence of reducing the anthropogenic load due to the reconstruction of treatment facilities on the Estonian and Russian sides. Analysis of intra-annual changes in the content of biogenic elements showed a steady increase in the content of nitrogen compounds during high water with maximum water runoff and an increase in phosphorus content in the autumn period. This indicates a significant influence of the waters of Lake Peipus and the Narva reservoir, which determine the intra-reservoir processes that intensify at the end of the warm season. The calculation of runoff based on experimental data of average annual water consumption and monthly determinations of concentrations of mineral, biogenic and organic substances for the period from 1992 to 2019. The calculated values of the runoff indicators are: ionic runoff 43,1 t/km2, total phosphorus 9,8 kg/km2, total nitrogen 142 kg/km2, organic carbon 2,75 t/km2, according to the background values of the runoff indicators of the Baltic region. It is important to note that for the period from 1993 to 2006; significantly higher runoff rates for phosphorus phosphates and nitrogen nitrates corresponded to the literature data on runoff from reclaimed agricultural areas, which also indicates a significant decrease in the biogenic load on the Narva River in the last decade from 2006 to 2019.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87655444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the revision of historical collections of three-dimensional models of foraminifers from the Paleontological Museum of St Petersburg State University","authors":"I. Y. Bugrova","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.205","url":null,"abstract":"Two collections of plaster models of foraminifera from the Paleontological Museum of St. Petersburg State University were studied. The first one (No. ПЛ ОФ 721) is represented by 95 objects. The time of its acquisition and authorship were unknown, some of the models were kept without labels, there was no catalog and records of its receipt. The collection has not been used for teaching or exposure in the museum. As it turned out the creator of the original collection was Academician Alcide d'Orbigny, who first described foraminifers as a separate group of animals in 1826 in the monograph “Tableau méthodique de la classe des Céphalopodes”. The 100 plaster foraminiferal models were made by him to illustrate the classification the new group. The original d'Orbigny’s collection is kept in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, and its copies were acquired by museums and universities in different countries. The copy of the d'Orbigny collection of the Paleontological Museum of St. Petersburg State University was probably made by the German trading company “Dr. F. Krantz, Rheinisches Mineralien-Kontor”. It was acquired by the St. Petersburg Imperial University for the Geological Cabinet (museum), which were created since 1870 by Professor A.A. Inostrantsev. Based on literary sources, the history of revisions of the d'Orbigny collection has been restored. That made it possible to correct errors in the museum labels, as well as to establish the original names of species depicted as models and bring them into line with the now accepted foraminiferal taxonomy. The second collection (No. ПЛ ОФ 75) is only a part (15 objects) of the collection of 100 models made by Václav Frič to illustrate foraminiferal classification scheme by the Austrian paleontologist August von Reuss. It was purchased for the Geological Cabinet of the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses and subsequently entered the Department of Paleontology, established at Petrograd University in 1919. As a result of the revision, the species affiliation of the species depicted as the models was established in accordance with the modern system of foraminifera.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88829564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big cities of Russia and their suburbs as centers of attraction of internal migrants","authors":"N. Mkrtchyan, R. I. Gilmanov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2023.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.103","url":null,"abstract":"Big cities and their suburbs are the main centers of attraction for internal Russian migrants, pulling the population from peripheral territories. Based on detailed data on internal Russian migration for 2011-2020. the scale of net migration is estimated in Moscow, St. Petersburg and five groups of cities with a population of 100 thousand inhabitants or more, and their suburbs. The size of the suburbs depends on the population of the cities - the larger it is, the greater the distance the cities extend their influence and, accordingly, the greater the radius of the allocation of suburbs. The number of inhabitants of cities and their suburbs is determined on the basis of the 2010 population census data, based on the distance from the city center, near, middle and far suburbs are distinguished. It is estimated that 89.6 million people lived in major cities and their suburbs (2010). The process of population concentration continued. The migration growth of Big cities and their suburbs is comparable in size, and suburbs are significantly larger in intensity than cities. The suburbs of regional capitals and largest cities have the most intensive migration growth. The nearest suburbs of cities grow most intensively due to migration. Every year, Big cities lose 40-50 thousand people in migration with their suburbs. We are not inclined to consider this evidence of the process of suburbanization, the main role is played by the sprawl of cities and the attractiveness of living in the maximum transport accessibility to their centers. Migration in the suburbs that are formed near Moscow and St. Petersburg deserves further study.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87496442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization and Suburbanization: Which One Determines Population Migration in Moscow Oblast?","authors":"L. Karachurina","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.208","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine population migration to Moscow Oblast. Moscow Oblast belongs to a small number of Russia’s regions characterized by intensive and diverse population migration. The region attracts migrants from other federal subjects of Russia as well as from abroad, there are also a distinct migration flow to Moscow Oblast originating in Moscow and migration within the borders of Moscow Oblast itself. The motives for migration are analyzed separately for studied migration flows along with the factors of the region’s attractivity for migrants, the differences between migrant flows (moving to Moscow Oblast, moving within Moscow Oblast and ‘non-mobile’ population) are identified. The research was conducted with the help of a specially designed questionnaire via SurveyMonkey platform. The study showed that the ‘suburbanization’ motives for migration related to ecological situation, privacy and monotonous urban environment are not dominant even amongst groups of migrants who have moved to villa communities and townhouses. The following factors indicating great importance for all groups of migrants were identified: the ratio between land price and distance from the center of Moscow, access to the advantages of Moscow city’s labor market, service, and leisure industry. In this context, we can imply that importance of the ‘urban logic’ remains high. Survey responses on the importance of location characteristics, as well as demographic parameters show that the most peculiar population group is ‘non-mobile’ population of Moscow Oblast. Approximately 62% of respondents from households that include those who had migration experience are oriented to work or study in Moscow. The most ‘targeted’ at the capital are migrants who had moved to Moscow Oblast from Moscow.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79013373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}