Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Formation of the settlement hierarchy: Zipf’s law vs Central place theory","authors":"Ruslan B Dmitriev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.206","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the possibilities and advantages of forming the settlement hierarchy aсcording to Zipf and according to Christaller, starting from the first stages of the settlement systems development. The author found that the minimum number of hierarchy levels required to start the formation of the Christaller distribution, bypassing the Zipf distribution stage, for small values of the urbanization level was two: the first one, represented by one central place, and the level of rural settlements. With virtually the same possibilities of forming a hierarchy according to Zipf and according to Christaller at its initial stages in relation to the share of urban population, the advantages of the latter give large values of the maximum share of each central place in the population of the area it serves and lower costs of the system for the redistribution of the population between the existing settlements and the settlements emerging at a certain stage of evolution. At the same time, with an increase in the share of the urban population, the correspondence of the real rank-size distribution of cities to the ideal one (according to Zipf) decreases. The author established that the distribution according to Zipf and according to Christaller is a kind of two “immiscible liquids”: if the first is based on stochastic processes, then the second is based on non-random, even deterministic ones. The transition of the settlement system from the distribution according to Zipf to the hierarchy according to Christaller is a rather weak construct in the methodological and logical respect.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79312086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation of the spatial structure of crop production of Cuba at the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries","authors":"Elieser Marmol Fundora","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.107","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that agriculture is one of the oldest economic activities, this industry is constantly in the process of transformation and the speed of these changes is growing. However, these transformations are taking place in diverse ways in different countries and regions of the Earth. The article examines changes in Cuban agriculture that occurred after 1990 in connection with the collapse of the USSR. The disappearance of the Soviet Union from the political map of the world was not the only reason for the beginning of transformations in the Cuban economy, but it became a trigger for reforms in all sectors of the national economic complex. As a starting point for the study, the development of the agricultural sector of Cuba until 1990 was analyzed and the principles of economic policy implemented in the country to overcome the crisis that arose in the industry in the 1990s. The article examines changes in the spatial specialization of crop production in Cuba in recent decades, for which the Localization coefficients of the cultivated areas. This coefficient was calculated for the main agricultural crops (sugar cane, bananas, citrus fruits, fruits, rice, short-cycle food crops and forage crops) and their dynamics for period 1989-2016. Since 1990, there has been a diversification of agriculture in Cuba with an increase in the importance of food crops. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the changes that have occurred in the structure of sown areas and their territorial distribution are associated with the need to provide the population of Cuba with food. This led to a reduction in the cultivation of export crops and changes in the specialization of agricultural production at the level of provinces.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72863857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural population change and settlement patterns in the Kaliningrad region in 1991 – 2021","authors":"Gennagy M. Fedorov, T. Kuznetsova","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.410","url":null,"abstract":"The borders of the exclave Kaliningrad region have a more pronounced barrier function than those of other Russian territories. That is why the local socio-economic system is more self-contained. The economic, social, demographic, ekistic, and other processes are easy to model there, and regional theories are convenient to test. The aim of the article is to identify the patterns of polarization of settlement in the Kaliningrad region and the factors that have the most significant impact on the migration movement of the population in the region and the development of rural areas. This article analyses statistical data on changes in settlement patterns to reveal elements of the centre-periphery concept. We use economic-statistical, graphical, and cartographic methods to track the polarisation of settlement patterns and the economy. A distinction is drawn between the centre and the periphery, which differ qualitatively. The rapidly developing Kaliningrad agglomeration in the west of the region constitutes the centre, whilst the less urbanised underachieving east makes up the periphery. In the west, the rural population is often involved in non-agricultural activities and works in the city. Proximity to Kaliningrad and regional towns allows the rural population to benefit from the urban infrastructure, which improves their quality of life. Both urban and rural areas have a positive net migration rate accounted for by the inflow from the east of the region, Russia’s eastern and northern territories, and neighbouring countries. People are leaving eastern municipalities because of the modernisation of agriculture, a reduction in employment in the industry, the slow emergence of new jobs, and poorer living conditions.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87477997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth poles in the Krasnoyarsk region: methods of identification and concentration of effects","authors":"K. Demidova, M. A. Makushin","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.409","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the geographical distribution of economic effects from the implementation of large projects in the Krasnoyarsk region: municipalities are distinguished – growth poles and poles of acceptance of growth effects. Based on the Moran index and the volume of investments in fixed assets calculated for the municipalities of the Krasnoyarsk region, the municipalities – growth poles are identified, local specialization and specifics of projects are analyzed, as well as the impact of these factors on economic growth. Poles of acceptance of effects are allocated on the basis of the number of firms with \"production\" OKVED per capita, and also classified in accordance with the dynamics of direct and indirect effects manifested in the territory of the municipality. The geographical separation of the poles of acceptance of effects from the growth poles is noted. If the growth pole and the pole of acceptance coincide geographically, then this is a consequence of solving the related tasks of the project (for example, logistics) and does not contribute to the development of the local economy. The economic effects of the implementation of projects for the municipalities of the Krasnoyarsk region are minimal, and mainly affect only the transport, construction, and partly trade industries. More than 90% of the effects from the implementation of projects are concentrated in Krasnoyarsk, since the largest transport and construction companies in the region are registered here, and the main capacities of the manufacturing industry are located. A single and relatively small impact of projects is manifested for small industrial cities of the Krasnoyarsk region (Divnogorsk, Nazarovo), but the projects being implemented do not become an additional growth factor for cities. The level of concentration of firms with \"production\" OKVED allows us to identify large centers – potential poles of acceptance of effects, but does not guarantee that they are able to master this potential during the implementation of large projects.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91138444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnocultural landscapes zoning of traditional reindeer husbandry in the context of municipalities of the Russian Federation","authors":"K. Klokov, E. V. Antonov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.408","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional reindeer husbandry is a specific form of nature management for many northern peoples, on which their way of life and distinctive culture are based. It is a fundamental part of their cultural heritage. Although there are many ethnological studies on reindeer husbandry, it has not yet been adequately understood in terms of cultural landscape theory and ethnocultural zoning. This article presents a system of ethno-cultural-landscape zoning of one of the most peculiar types of traditional natural resource use of the indigenous peoples of Russia – reindeer herding. The zoning units include landscapes with a certain character of connections of reindeer herding with the geographical environment. The zoning was done by combining natural-landscape and social-geographical approaches for the entire territory of the country where nomadic traditional reindeer husbandry still exists. Using the previously identified environmental, social and institutional factors, the authors proposed a multistage zoning scheme. At the upper level, the reindeer husbandry ecological-economic types were taken as the basis, and the zones of large-herd (in tundra), small-herd (in taiga) and mountain reindeer husbandry were delimited accordingly. At the second level, the delineation is based on the ethno-cultural factor, identifying four ethno-cultural types of reindeer husbandry: Nenets & Komi Izhem, Tungus, Chukchies & Koryak and Sayan, which are closely related to the location of reindeer herding peoples. Finally, the third level uses the technique of the so-called \"floating indicator\". The research resulted in the zoning map of ethno-cultural landscapes of traditional reindeer husbandry with 33 units related to different taxonomic levels. The resulting zoning scheme makes it possible to systematize ideas about ethno-cultural landscapes, takes into account their features when implementing state measures of support and development of the traditional reindeer husbandry, and take a diversified approach not only to regional, but also to local features of reindeer herding functioning in each particular zoning unit.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73060934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of manifestation of faults of the Pechora-Kolvinsky aulacogen in the radon field","authors":"Y. Ezimova, Valery V. Udoratin, A. Magomedova","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.102","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents results of an express radon survey on the territory of the Pechora-Kozhvinsky and Kolvinsky megswells, which are part of the Pechora-Kolvinsky aulacogen. Radon studies were carried out along profiles across the large structure-forming faults, identified on the basis of seismic data. The results show that faults in the radon field correspond to areas with increased values of the radon volumetric activity. In the course of radon studies, main patterns of the manifestation of faults in the radon field were established. The faults may correspond to the maxima of volume activity of radon against the background of low values or to zones with a minimum concentration of radon. In addition, areas with abnormal radon concentrations not associated with known fractures were identified. The systems faults are characterized by wider radon anomalies or alternation of maxima and minima of radon volumetric activity along the profile. The maximum radon concentration is recorded in the fault zones that are closest to the surface, as well as in faults along which large amplitudes of vertical displacements are noted. Similar levels of radon concentration are observed within the normal faults and thrust faults, covered by sedimentary rocks. Most of the studied faults, according to the relative indicator of radon activity, belong to the group of high radon activity. The concentration of radon in the soil air within the faults varies both in the transverse and longitudinal directions. In some areas, the radon volumetric activity of at the same level at different times. This proves the existence of a constant radon flux. The main factors affecting the formation, transport to the surface, and accumulation of radon in the soil are the composition and depth of the basement, the internal structure of fault zones, the degree of porosity and fracturing of rocks and modern geodynamics of the region. Thus, radon survey as an additional method to other geophysical methods can be used to map faults and identify various blocks that differ in fluid-geochemical features.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87611418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the method of surface-wave tomography and perspectives for its application in engineering seismic exploration","authors":"I. Levin, Andrei Ponomarenko, Vyacheslav Polovkov, D. Popov, V. Troyan","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.201","url":null,"abstract":"The upper part of the seismic section is studied using refracted waves, as well as surface waves using the MASW method during engineering seismic surveys. This work is devoted to consideration of a relatively new near-surface approach, which is actively used in seismology for studying the upper mantle and deep part of the earth's crust, the method of surface wave tomography. This method is of great practical interest, since it allows to obtain 3D subsurface models and conduct remote researches; also it potentially has better spatial resolution than the widely used MASW method. Within the framework of this work, tests of the developed algorithm for surface-wave tomography using direct rays were carried out on modeled data. The performance of the algorithm was assessed and the resolution of the method was estimated. Also the optimal observation schemes were considered as well as the influence of the regularization parameter value on the inversion result. Basing on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that the method of surface-wave tomography and its realization via the developed algorithm can be effectively used to solve engineering-geological problems.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90539844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethno-territorial features of social inequality in the USA","authors":"D. Zhitin, A. Prokofev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.207","url":null,"abstract":"The social fragmentation of the US population has pronounced ethno-territorial features. On the example of ten ethnic groups of Americans of various ancestry (German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, Mexican, Cuban, Salvadoran), the spatial features of social inequality are examined. Six indicators of social well-being were considered in three areas: education, employment status and earnings. The indicators under consideration include: 1) the proportion of individuals without a high school diploma; 2) the proportion of individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher; 3) the proportion of individuals who are not in the labor force; 4) the unemployment rate; 5) median annual earnings; 6) the proportion of individuals with income below poverty level. The states and the District of Columbia were taken as the spatial unit for analyzing the ethno-territorial heterogeneity of social inequality in the United States. The study revealed the socio-spatial heterogeneity of the US territory, determined the hierarchy of ethnic groups in terms of social well-being, and identified states that have the highest deviations from the \"normal\" distribution of the indicators under consideration. The results obtained make it possible to judge both the influence of ethnic origin and a specific territory on the level of social well-being of the US population. The existing social hierarchy of the considered ethnic groups is highly stable in most states. More often than not, members of a particular ethnic group living in more socially wealthy states will outperform members of the same group living in less socially wealthy states in terms of social well-being. However, this feature is not typical for all states and ethnic groups equally. This allows us to assert that in the United States, inequality between ethnic groups can acquire its own specific characteristics depending on a particular territory.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75155013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleomagnetism of the Ordovician section of the Mishina Gora (Pskov oblast): a record of the ancient geomagnetic field and restrictions on the age of the Mishinogorsk explosive structure","authors":"V. Pavlov, A. Pasenko, A. Dronov, Sergey P. Chernyshov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.101","url":null,"abstract":"Paleomagnetic studies of the Ordovician rocks of the Mishina Gora explosive structure (Gdovsky district, Pskov region) have been carried out. Based on the results of thermal magnetic cleaning, two stable magnetization components S and P have been identified. These components have similar unblocking temperature ranges (~200–600°C), but their mean directions are statistically different the difference of their mean directions are statistically significant. Refional fold–test indicates the postfolding age of the component S and prefolding age of the component P. Prefolding age of the latter is supported by the positive result of the local fold-test which has been carried out in the scale of the studied section. Comparison of the paleomagnetic pole calculated from the S component with the Apparent Polar Wander Path for the East European Platform definitely indicates the Late Permian-Early Triassic age of this component, which, in combination with the available geological observations, determines the time range of the formation of the Mishina Gora structure as ~370-250 million years ago. The ancient component of the magnetization P has the same direction as the components, which have been identified earlier in a number of coeval sections of the North-West of Russia, Estonia, and Scandinavia and which have been considered to be primary. The corresponding paleomagnetic poles are widely used in Paleozoic geodynamic and tectonic paleoreconstructions with the participation of the Baltic paleocontinent. A positive fold test result for the P component validates the use of these poles for paleoreconstructions. For the stratigraphic interval, which includes the upper Floian, Dapinian, and lower 2/3 of the Darrivilian stages, a magnetostratigraphic section has been constructed containing a single magnetozone corresponding to the reverse polarity of the geomagnetic field. Thus, the magnetostratigraphic data do not support the hypothesis of the existence of intervals of normal polarity within the Ordovician geomagnetic superchron of reverse polarity (Moyero superchron).","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77489569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of intraregional features of migration of the population of the Stavropol Territory","authors":"Ivan Soloviev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2022.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.109","url":null,"abstract":"Using official statistics, this article carries out an historical and geographical analysis of factors and trends of migration processes of the population of the Stavropol Territory over the past 60 years in order to identify intra-regional features of population migration (at the level of cities and districts). The main research tools are analytical, cartographic, historical reconstruction, statistical, comparative geographical, and comparative historical methods. The study also used scientific literature, archival statistical data from the North Caucasus Statistical Service, and materials from a sociological survey. The time period according to characteristics of factors, trends, and forms of population migration in Russia was divided into three parts: the last three Soviet decades (1963–1991); forced migration (1992–2000); and contemporary (2001–2019). The study revealed the transformation of population migration at each of the considered periods. The article focuses on identifying dynamics of coefficients of migration growth in cities and districts of the Stavropol Territory at different periods. The main regularity of the intraregional features of population migration in the Stavropol Territory is a gradual increase in the area of territories with negative migration performance, which was natural for agro-industrial Stavropol in the conditions of the classical stage of urbanization, and which was characterized by significant migrations of the rural population to cities. This pattern was interrupted in the 1990s, when stress factors were at work, and the opposite trend was noted. However, in the contemporary period, the growth of cities and regions with a migration decline has become a defining trend. Today, only territories included in the Stavropol and Caucasian Mineral Waters urban agglomerations have migration attractiveness in the Stavropol Territory. Thus, in the contemporary period there has been an increase in the importance of the position of territories in the “core-semi-periphery-periphery” system, as well as an increase in the socio-economic spatial polarization of Russia and its regions. The revealed patterns and tendencies of migration processes in the Stavropol Territory \"fit\" into the broad context of V. Zelinsky's theory of mobile transition, which is natural in the context of the change of the industrial era with a post-industrial society.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72377562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}