Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR最新文献

{"title":"NF-κB-dependent Mechanism of Action of c-Myc Inhibitor 10058-F4: Highlighting a Promising Effect of c-Myc Inhibition in Leukemia Cells, Irrespective of p53 Status.","authors":"Mohammad Sayyadi,&nbsp;Ava Safaroghli-Azar,&nbsp;Majid Safa,&nbsp;Hassan Abolghasemi,&nbsp;Majid Momeny,&nbsp;Davood Bashash","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2020.112926.14018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.112926.14018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the frequent contribution in the pathogenesis of different human malignancies, c-Myc is among those transcription factors that are believed to be pharmacologically targeted for cancer therapeutic approaches. In the present study, we examined the anti-leukemic effect of a well-known c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4 on a panel of hematologic malignant cells harboring either mutant or wild-type p53. Notably, we found that the suppression of c-Myc was coupled with the reduction in the survival of all the tested leukemic cells; however, as far as we are aware, this study suggests for the first time that the cytotoxic effect of 10058-F4 was not significantly affected by the molecular status of p53. Delving into the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitor in the most sensitive cell line revealed that 10058-F4 could induce apoptotic cell death in mutant p53-expressing NB4 cells through the suppression of NF-κB pathway coupled with a significant induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, we found that the anti-leukemic effect of 10058-F4 was overshadowed, at least partially, through the compensatory activation of the PI3K signaling pathway; highlighting a plausible attenuating role of this axis on 10058-F4 cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of the present study shed light on the favorable anti-leukemic effect of 10058-F4, especially in combination with PI3K inhibitors in acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, further investigations should be accomplished to determine the efficacy of the inhibitor, either as a single agent or in a combined-modal strategy, in leukemia treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"153-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38376137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Synthesis of Novel 1-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaryl Imidazole Derivatives as Anti-cytokine Agents.","authors":"Zahra Haghighijoo,&nbsp;Omidreza Firuzi,&nbsp;Savis Meili,&nbsp;Najmeh Edraki,&nbsp;Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh,&nbsp;Ramin Miri","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among recent advances in the identification of anti-inflammation agents, anti-cytokines (like Interleukin-1), related to p38 MAPK families play an important role; Here in we designed new effective and low toxic anti-cytokine agents based on 1-hydroxy-2,4,5-triaryl imidazole derivatives. The reaction of oximoinoketone intermediate with ten different aromatic aldehyde and ammonium acetate in refluxing acetic acid condition give imidazole derived product, the IL-1β inhibitory assay were performed on Human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and then in computational part the binding mode of the best compound was accomplished by docking in Crystal structure of p38 MAP kinase (PDB ID: 1A9U) compared with SB202190 as standard drug. All compounds were synthesized and evaluated in biological assay showing the inhibitory activity from 28% to 82% compared to SB202190 and binding mode analysis revealed that the hydrogen-bond interactions with residues (Met109, Val30) were key point in inhibitor binding. Compound <b>5g</b> clearly proved the best inhibitory action and could be further utilized for designing newer anti-cytokine agents and p38α MAP kinase potentially inhibitory action.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"181-191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38472984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attributes Development for Pharmaceutical Subsidization: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Gita Afsharmanesh,&nbsp;Gholamhossein Mehralian,&nbsp;Farzad Peiravian","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.15507.13136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.15507.13136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discrete choice experiments (DCES) as a stated preference method have used increasingly to determine preferences attached to some attributes associated to health. Although, the validity of this type of studies comprehensively depends on the appropriate determination of attributes and attribute-levels for DCES, there is little rigorous evidence regarding which factors or attributes and attribute- levels should be counted for eliciting public preferences in health resource allocation. This paper responds to such question by carefully doing a qualitative study. A qualitative study used semi-structured interviews, which were audio recorded, transcribed and subject to thematic analysis. Sixteen participants had been key informants and decision makers of pharmaceutical and health system. Initially, by conducting a meticulous literature review, an inclusive list of attributes associated with intended policy was identified. Qualitative data for the development of attributes and their levels were collected using 16 key informant interviews and were analyzed by software MAXQDA followed by a focus group discussion (FGD) with 7 people, well-familiar with the notion pharmaceutical policy and Pharmacoeconomics. The 311 codes in four main dimensions were initially identified by conducting interviews. However, for being manageable within a DCE, they were classified and limited to four attributes, including severity of disease without treatment, health gain after treatment, frequency of patients, and cost of treatment per patient. This qualitative study provides enough evidence for designing and doing a precise discrete choice experiment answering the question about public preferences in pharmaceutical subsidization and contributes empirical evidence to the limited methodological literature on attributes development for DCE, specifically within low and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"203-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38472986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Logic of Selecting Suitable Dissolution Parameters in New Drug Formulations Based on A BCS Approach.","authors":"Raúl Medina-López,&nbsp;Edgar E Arregui,&nbsp;Edson J Aranda,&nbsp;Luis A Moreno-Rocha,&nbsp;Marcela Hurtado,&nbsp;Helgi Jung-Cook,&nbsp;Sally A Helmy","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2020.1100993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.1100993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the biopharmaceutical quality of generic drug formulations depends on the quality of the reference products and also information about the <i>in-vitro</i> release performance of drugs under different conditions is scarce in the literature, a dissolution study of four reference tablets was performed. Each drug was representative of one Class of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. The <i>in-vitro</i> release performance of propranolol-HCl, carbamazepine, ranitidine-HCl, and metronidazole was evaluated using a USP basket and paddle apparatus at different agitation rates (50, 75, and 100 rpm) with two doses of each drug. In all experiments, pharmacopeial dissolution media was used and the samples were taken with automatic equipment at specific times up to 60 min, except for propranolol-HCl, for which the samples were taken up to 30 min. The dissolution profiles were compared by model-independent, model-dependent, and ANOVA-based comparisons. The three methods of data comparison showed that low <i>vs</i>. high doses were significantly different (<i>P <</i> 0.05), which may influence cases in which biowaivers of propranolol-HCl and ranitidine-HCl are requested. Additionally, the results showed that despite different hydrodynamic environments produced by the basket and paddle apparatus, under certain conditions, both types of equipment generated comparable <i>in-vitro</i> results. Variables such as the dose, agitation rate, and type of dissolution apparatus are important factors to consider in designing dissolution tests for drug products. This information can be used to test a new dosage when there is no pharmacopeial method available to perform a dissolution study. Further researches on the <i>in-vitro</i> release performance of reference drug products are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"465-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38373586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effects of Oleuropein in Improving Seizure, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Disorder in Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Model of Epilepsy in Mice.","authors":"Samira Asgharzade,&nbsp;Zahra Rabiei,&nbsp;Sana Rabiei,&nbsp;Elham Bijad,&nbsp;Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.14212.12209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.14212.12209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged epileptic seizures are the cause of neuronal death and brain damage. Lesions in different regions of the brain can lead to memory loss and cognitive disorders. It is therefore essential to seek out new neuroprotective drugs. Our aim was to investigate the therapeutic effects of oleuropein in improving seizure, oxidative stress, and cognitive disorder in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Mice were randomized to four groups; negative control group intraperitoneally receiving PTZ for 10 days, oleuropein group receiving oleuropein (20 mg/kg) 30 min before PTZ administration, positive control group receiving diazepam 30 min before PTZ administration and flumazenil group receiving flumazenil and then oleuropein 30 min before PTZ administration. Epilepsy severity was investigated after final administration of PTZ. Then hippocampal tissues were removed and stored at -70 °C until measurements of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) gene expression were conducted. Oleuropein treatment caused a significant increase in seizure latency and a significant decrease in total frequencies of head ticks, head and upper limbs seizures, the whole body seizures, frequent spinning and jumping and tonic seizures in PTZ receiving mice. IL-1 expression decreased in oleuropein group and GLT-1 levels did not change significantly in this group. Oleuropein treatment caused significant improvement of passive avoidance memory in PTZ receiving mice in shuttle box. Oleuropein can decrease PTZ-induced seizures and memory disorders due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is thus recommended to be used for production of anti-epileptic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"98-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38375674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Evaluation of Losartan Transdermal Patch by Using Solid Microneedles as A Physical Permeation Enhancer.","authors":"Ericka Anguiano Almazan,&nbsp;Pablo Serrano Castañeda,&nbsp;Roberto Diaz Torres,&nbsp;Jose Juan Escobar-Chavez","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of a losartan potassium patch for the treatment of hypertension showed that a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers, using as a plasticizer citroflex and succinic acid as a cohesion promoter result in homogeneous films. The effect of the Eudragit^® E100, PVP K30, citroflex and succinic acid in the bioadhesion, postwetting bioadhesion, resistance to rupture and drug release, was studied. The succinic acid in synergy with the plasticizer (citroflex) modifies the characteristics of the polymeric matrix of Eudragit^® E100, increasing the release and the resistance to rupture of transdermal patches. For the case of the hydrophilic polymer PVP K30, it increases the bioadhesion and drug release by creating porous matrices. From a previous experimental design, the optimal formulation was acquired, and this formulation was physicochemically characterized. A transdermal patch was obtained with the next dimensions and characteristics: 28.46 ± 0.055 mm in diameter and 0.430 ± 0.008 mm in thickness, a bioadhesion of 1063.05 ± 60.33 gf, postwetting bioadhesion 995.9 ± 72.53 gf significantly decreased. The breaking strength was of 1301.5 ± 96.5 gf, surface pH patch of 6, constriction of 0% at 7 days, and 94.0366 ± 1.8617% of losartan content. The 93% of the drug is released at 4 h (n = 6), adjusting to the kinetic model of Higuchi and Peppas. In the <i>in-vitro</i> penetration studies by passive diffusion, a flow (J) of 42.2 μg/cm²h, a permeability constant (kp) of 2.1793E-03 cm/h and a latency time (t_L) of 17.20 h and with the use of microneedles a flow (J) of 61.7 μg/cm²h, a permeability constant (kp) of 3.1869E-03 cm/h and a latency time (t_L) of 17.74 h were obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"138-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38375677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Docking, Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Pyrimido [4,5-b]quinolins.","authors":"Reza Araghi,&nbsp;Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili,&nbsp;Leila Zamani,&nbsp;Soghra Khabnadideh,&nbsp;Kamiar Zomoridian,&nbsp;Zeinab Faghih,&nbsp;Hamidreza Arabi","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to expand the application of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-SnCl₄ in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, in this study, we wish to report the use of one-pot three component synthesis of pyrimido [4,5-<i>b</i>]quinolone derivatives ( <b><i>D1-D16</i></b> ) through reaction of 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4 (3<i>H</i>)-one, dimedone, or 1,3-cyclohexadione and aldehydes in the presence of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-SnCl₄ as an efficient eco-friendly catalyst under ultrasound irradiation. The final aim of this study is evaluation of antifungal activity of resulted products. Synthesis of pyrimido [4,5-<i>b</i>]quinolin derivatives were done <i>via</i> three components coupling reaction of aldehyde, dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexadione and 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4 (3<i>H</i>)-one in the presence of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-SnCl₄ under ultrasonic irradiation in water at 60 °C. The products structure were studied by FT-IR^I, ¹H NMR,^II and ¹³C NMR^II. All the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution methods as recommended by CLSI^III. Considering our results showed that compound ( <b><i>D13</i></b> ) had the most antifungal activity against <i>C. dubliniensis</i>, <i>C. Albicans</i>, <i>C. Tropicalis,</i> and <i>C. Neoformance</i> at concentrations ranging (MIC90) from 1-4 μg/mL. Compounds ( <b><i>D9</i></b> ), ( <b><i>D10</i></b> ), ( <b><i>D14</i></b> ), and ( <b><i>D15</i></b> ) had significant inhibitory activities against <i>C. dubliniensis</i> at concentrations ranging (MIC90) from 4-8 μg/mL, respectively. 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(methylthio)-5,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-<i>b</i>]quinoline-4,6(3<i>H</i>,7<i>H</i>)-dione ( <b><i>D13</i></b> ) exhibited inhibitory and fungicidal activities against the tested yeasts. The specific binding mode or the binding orientation of more efficient compounds to CYP51 active site, have been also performed by molecular modeling investigations and showed that there is a good correlation with biological test.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"251-259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38473427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Sensitive and Rapid Method for Determination of Acrylamide in Bread by LC-MS/MS and Analysis of Real Samples in Iran IR.","authors":"Samira Eslamizad, Farzad Kobarfard, Kimia Tabib, Hassan Yazdanpanah, Jamshid Salamzadeh","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.111994.13474","DOIUrl":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.111994.13474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new sample preparation procedure and a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method were developed for the quantitative analysis of acrylamide in bread. The method is based on sample extraction in methanol, purification with Carrez solutions and clean- up with Primary Secondary Amine (PSA).The developed method offers an efficient, inexpensive, easy sample preparation and very sensitive procedure for determination of acrylamide in bread. The use of spiked calibration curves for constructing the calibration curve substantially reduced adverse matrix-related effects. Recoveries were between 96 and 105.3%. Good results were obtained with respect to repeatability (RSDs <11%). The limit of detection and quantification of the method was 0.3 and 1 ng/g, respectively, which shows the method is very sensitive. The developed method was used for the determination of acrylamide in 26 traditional bread samples (Sangak) collected from Shiraz. The results showed that about 96% of Sangak bread samples were contaminated with acrylamide that 64.3 and 33.3 of semi-industrial and traditional Sangak bread were higher than benchmark levels (50 µg/kg), respectively. There are a few reports concerning contamination of Sangak bread samples with acrylamide in Iran. Therefore, this method could be used for a comprehensive survey of acrylamide in Sangak bread samples in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"413-423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38373582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CB2 Agonist (AM1241) Improving Effect on Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Rats.","authors":"Ali Parlar,&nbsp;Seyfullah Oktay Arslan","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2019.1101002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1101002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma is a disease characterized by spontaneous contraction of the airways in response to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Many asthma models are used to mimic the human asthma model in the literature. In order to better understand the role of the cannabinoid (CB) 2 receptor in the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model, a combination of both selective CB2 agonist (AM1241) and antagonist (AM630) was used to improve inflammatory hypersensitivity and edema in rats. In the present study, it was found that OVA decreased body weight (<i>p</i> < 0.05), increased lung weights (<i>p</i> < 0.05), increased diastolic and systolic blood pressure (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and caused irregularity in pulmonary functions (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Moreover, CB2 agonist was found not to reduce body weight, cause blood pressure and respiratory irregularities (<i>p</i> < 0.05). OVA led to increase in IgE, TNF-α, IL-4, MDA level (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and total WBC count (<i>p</i> < .05). CB2 treatment caused to reduce the number of total WBC and the level of total protein in BALF, to hinder to increase level of MDA, IgE, TNF-α, and IL-4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in BALF or serum or lung tissue. But CB2-antagonist treatment prevented the protective effect of CB2 agonist. The aim of this study was to study the role of the CB2 receptor in the OVA induced asthma model, to improve inflammatory hypersensitivity, and edema in the rats. The results suggested that CB2 agonist administration to OVA induced asthmatic rats via anti-asthmatic potential through inhibition of parameters such as IgE, IL-4, TNF-α, microvascular escape, and oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38373748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization Evaluation of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine (GARDASIL®) in Iran; A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Fateme Mohammadpour,&nbsp;Ava Mansouri,&nbsp;Molouk Hadjibabaie","doi":"10.22037/ijpr.2020.1100923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.1100923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination against HPV seems to be a good approach for prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts. But in Iran we are confronted with lack of evidence for its cost-effectiveness whereas its consumption is dramatically increasing. This was a cross- sectional study. We used a questionnaire including 5 sections as follows; Patients demographic information, Patients medical history, Pregnancy and lactation considerations, Gardasil prescription characteristics and HPV infection characteristics. Prescriber with adherence to guideline were defined as those prescribing Gardasil for correct age range and indication with accurate dosage and administration. Descriptive statistics for variables was shown by frequency (percent) or mean (± SD) and evaluation of relation between categorical variables was performed by using Chi-square test. Total 566 Gardasil recipients participated in the study. There were mostly female with mean age of 28.1 (± 6.68). For 128 (22.6%) participants Gardasil prescribed correctly considering both age range (9-26 years) and indication (prophylactic). From this group, 80 participants (14.1%/566) have received accurate Gardasil dosage and interval (prescriber had adherence to guideline). Patients' out of pocket payment in guidelines adherent prescriptions was a seventh of total costs obtained from 566 consumers. Gynecologists significantly prescribed for prophylaxis higher than other specialties (<i>p</i>-value = 0.01). Prescribers' practice in administrating Gardasil is obviously not appropriate and it is imposing burdensome cost to community and government. On the other hand, we have encountered with increasing rate of its use in Iran in past years. Therefore, we are in urgent need for appropriate interventions in national level and prompt supervision to regulate Gardasil consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"68-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462484/pdf/ijpr-19-68.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38373754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}