Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR最新文献

{"title":"Spectrofluorimetric Method for Monitoring Methotrexate in Patients' Plasma Samples and Cell Lysates Using Highly Fluorescent Carbon Dots.","authors":"Morteza Molaparast,&nbsp;Pooya Eslampour,&nbsp;Jafar Soleymani,&nbsp;Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the first time, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and boron-doped carbon dots (N, S, P, B-codoped CDs) were synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction. The produced CDs were utilized to develop an optical sensor to determine methotrexate (MTX) in cell lysates and patients' plasma samples. Basically, in the presence of MTX, the fluorescence emission of the CD-based probe was quenched. Under optimum conditions, a good proportional relationship was obtained between the quenched fluorescence signal and MTX concentrations from 74.9 ng/mL to 99.9 µg/mL with a limit of detection of 74.9 ng/mL. The developed nanoprobe provided a wide linear range and high accuracy and was successfully utilized in the routine therapeutic drug monitoring of MTX in plasma samples. The obtained results proposed the developed nanoprobe for the on-time and specific detection of MTX in blood samples. As another application, N, S, P, B-codoped CDs were utilized for bioimaging MCF-7 cancer cells and could be proposed as efficient bioimaging agents for tumor cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7f/51/ijpr-21-1-126918.PMC9420217.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, Antioxidant Activities, and Chemical Properties of <i>Pistacia vera</i> Leaves Using LC-QTOF-MS and RP-HPLC.","authors":"Hasya Nazli Gok,&nbsp;Sultan Pekacar,&nbsp;Didem Deliorman Orhan","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-127033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-127033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the leaves of some <i>Pistacia</i> species are used in traditional folk medicine for diabetes, this study investigated the in vitro antidiabetic effect (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) of <i>Pistacia vera</i> leaves. Additionally, the current study investigated the antihypercholesterolemic (cholesterol esterase), antiobesity (pancreatic lipase), and antioxidant activities (i.e., total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) of <i>P. vera</i> leaves. The aqueous-alcoholic leaf extract inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 7.74 ± 0.72, 11.08 ± 3.96, and 168.43 ± 26.10 µg/mL, respectively. It was determined that the crude extract had high DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing power, and moderate metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract obtained by the liquid-liquid fractionation of the crude extract showed potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The EtOAc subextract (5.794 ± 0.027 g/100 g subextract) was standardized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography based on β-pentagalloyl glucose, which showed inhibitory effects on both amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Fifteen compounds, seven of which are organic acid derivatives and eight of which are flavonoids, were identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis in the crude extract of <i>P. vera</i> leaves. Seven of the fifteen phenolic compounds detected in the crude extract by LC-QTOF-MS have both glucosidase and amylase inhibitory effects. As a result, <i>P. vera</i> leaves can be a potential source for compounds with high antioxidant effects that show inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion in the prevention and treatment of diabetes or can be evaluated as a standardized extract.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e127033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/66/ijpr-21-1-127033.PMC9420224.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Virus-Like Particle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Clinical Trial Phases.","authors":"Mohammad Sharifzadeh,&nbsp;Negar Mottaghi-Dastjerdi,&nbsp;Mohammad Soltany Rezae Raad","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-127042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-127042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected more than 269 million worldwide, with more than five million deaths as of early December 2021. The main concerns in this pandemic include the asymptomatic nature of COVID-19, leading to the infection of many healthy people, the infectious nature of the pathogen, and its high spreading rate. The disease features have highlighted the importance of controlling this pandemic via vaccines. There has been a worldwide race to produce better, more protective, and efficacious vaccines. Simultaneously, different new variants of the virus are emerging. Therefore, there is a concern about the efficacy of the vaccines against new variants. The platform used for COVID-19 vaccine development needs to be flexible enough to enable the manufacturer to react suitably to new virus variants. We performed a comprehensive search in the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, clinicaltrials.gov, WHO, ICTRP, and Cochrane until December 10th, 2021. There are 331 candidate vaccines in clinical development, with 194 in the preclinical stage and 137 in different clinical phases. Eleven platforms have been used for the development of COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated/live attenuated virus, protein subunit, virus-like particle (VLP), non-replicating/replicating viral vectors (VVnr or VVr), VVr or VVnr plus antigen-presenting cell, bacterial antigen-spore expression vector, DNA, and RNA. The VLP-based vaccine platform is a safe, highly immunogenic, and flexible platform for developing vaccines. This review focuses on VLP-based vaccine platforms and explicitly discusses the six VLP-based COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trial phases.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e127042"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d2/6f/ijpr-21-1-127042.PMC9293385.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40534588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Analyses of Extracellular Proteins of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> as Immunogenic Candidates.","authors":"Sepideh Fereshteh,&nbsp;Narjes Noori Goodarzi,&nbsp;Amin Sepehr,&nbsp;Morvarid Shafiei,&nbsp;Soheila Ajdary,&nbsp;Farzad Badmasti","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is an important nosocomial pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients with prolonged hospitalization. Multidrug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> infections are on the rise worldwide. Therefore, the discovery of an effective vaccine against this bacterium seems necessary as a cost-effective and preventive strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this present study, 35 genomes of <i>A. baumannii</i> strains were considered, and the extracellular proteins were selected, maximally having one transmembrane helix with high adhesion probability and no similarity to host proteins, as immunogenic candidates using the web tool Vaxign. Subsequently, the role of these selected proteins in bacterial pathogenesis was investigated using VICMpred. Then, the major histocompatibility complex class II, linear B-cell epitopes, and conservation of epitopes were identified using the Immune Epitope Database, BepiPred, and Epitope Conservancy Analysis, respectively. Finally, the B-cell discontinuous epitopes of each protein were predicted using ElliPro and plotted on the three-dimensional structure (3D) of the proteins. The role of the unknown proteins was predicted using the STRING database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, eight acceptable immunogenic candidates, including FilF, FimA, putative acid phosphatase, putative exported protein, subtilisin-like serine protease, and three uncharacterized proteins, were identified in <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of the STRING database showed that these three uncharacterized proteins play a role in nutrition (heme utilization), peptide bond cleavage (serine peptidases), and cellular processes (MlaD protein). Extracellular proteins might play a catalyst role in the outer membrane protein-based vaccine of <i>A. baumannii</i>. Furthermore, this study proposed a list of potent immunogenic candidates of extracellular proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126559"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/1a/ijpr-21-1-126559.PMC9420209.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Surfactant Type and Concentration on Physicochemical Properties of Carvedilol Solid Dispersions Prepared by Wet Milling Method.","authors":"Noushin Bolourchian,&nbsp;Mina Shafiee Panah","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study mainly aimed to prepare solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water-soluble compound, carvedilol (CA), in the presence of pluronic F68 (F68) and myrj 52 by wet milling technique in order to enhance drug dissolution. The process enabled the preparation of SDs without using any toxic organic solvents. SDs with different CA: surfactant ratios were prepared by wet milling followed by freeze-drying method and evaluated for their particle size and dissolution. They were also characterized based on/using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and saturated solubility. The effect of cryoprotectant type on the dissolution and particle size of SDs was also investigated. Wet milling process resulted in the reduced particle size depending on the type of surfactant. The significant drug dissolution and saturated solubility enhancement were recorded for milled SD formulations. In this regard, Myrj had a greater impact compared to F68. Dissolution efficiencies (DE₃₀) obtained for the myrj-included SDs were up to 8.2-fold higher than that of untreated CA. The type of cryoprotectant was also found to affect the drug dissolution. According to the results, partial amorphization occurred in wet-milled samples, as confirmed by XRD and DSC analysis. It was concluded that using an appropriate surfactant along with wet-milling method may have been an effective approach for improving the dissolution rate of CA, a poorly soluble compound.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/0d/ijpr-21-1-126913.PMC9420227.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40350133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Preparation, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry of Encapsulated Radio-Scandium in a Dendrimer for Radio-nano-pharmaceutical Application.","authors":"Leila Moghaddam-Banaem,&nbsp;Navideh Aghaei Amirkhizi,&nbsp;Sodeh Sadjadi,&nbsp;Fariba Johari-Deha,&nbsp;Mitra Athari-Allaf","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and biodistribution of scandium nanoparticles encapsulated within poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, as well as to estimate the human absorbed dose. It also aimed to examine, in particular, the amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers in generation 5. Irradiation of the compound in the nuclear reactor resulted in the formation of Sc-radioactive complex nanoparticles. The compound of the dendrimer-Sc³⁺ was confirmed by the UV-vis spectrometer. The size of the particles was less than 10 nm, and it was assessed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The synthesized complex was irradiated by the 3 × 10¹¹ n.cm^-2s^-1 flux of neutron for 2 h. Mice bearing a breast tumor were employed to assess the therapeutic dose that was delivered by the poly scandium-46-nanoparticles. As opposed to the untreated groups, a single injection of poly phosphate-buffered saline to intratumoral in other groups to deliver a dose of 100 µCi resulted in a statistically significant 39.24% reduction in tumor volume 14 days after injection. After applying the biokinetics data in mice, the human's absorbed dose from scandium-47 encapsulated PAMAM was extrapolated based on animal data. The absorbed doses in critical organs, including the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone, were 0.879, 0.0472, 0.191, 0.107, and 0.155 mGy/MBq, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/77/60/ijpr-21-1-126912.PMC9420232.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Predicting Risk Factors of Polypharmacy in Azar Cohort Population.","authors":"Afshin Gharekhani,&nbsp;Mohammadhossein Somi,&nbsp;Alireza Ostadrahimi,&nbsp;Ayda Hatefi,&nbsp;Arash Haji Kamanaj,&nbsp;Sina Hassannezhad,&nbsp;Elnaz Faramarzi","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As polypharmacy has some medically negative impacts, it has become a challenging issue for public health and affected people. Therefore, we decided to investigate the prevalence of polypharmacy and its predicting risk factors in the Azar cohort population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional population-based cohort study, the prevalence of polypharmacy was evaluated in 15,001 subjects who participated in the Azar cohort study. We measured demographic characteristics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking status, marital status, and education level), physical activity level, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, multimorbidity (coexistence of two or more chronic diseases (CDs)), and polypharmacy status (a daily intake of five or more medicines for a minimum of 90 days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on our results, 9.51% of the population had polypharmacy. The five most prescribed medications were drugs acting on the cardiovascular system (19.9%), central nervous system (16.7%), endocrine system (13.3%), NSAIDs (11.5%), and drugs used for musculoskeletal and joint diseases (11.4%). Being female, illiterate, and having the lowest tertile of physical activity level significantly increased the risk of polypharmacy. The risk of polypharmacy was 49.36 times higher in patients with four or more CDs than in those without.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study emphasized the importance of routine monitoring to evaluate polypharmacy among those aged 35 to 59 and the elderly. Physicians should carefully assess drug suitability, especially in multimorbid and obese patients, to prevent excessive polypharmacy and its potentially negative impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/73/ijpr-21-1-126922.PMC9420226.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of <i>Melissa officinalis</i> Extracts: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Nevena Draginic,&nbsp;Marijana Andjic,&nbsp;Jovana Jeremic,&nbsp;Vladimir Zivkovic,&nbsp;Aleksandar Kocovic,&nbsp;Marina Tomovic,&nbsp;Biljana Bozin,&nbsp;Nebojsa Kladar,&nbsp;Sergey Bolevich,&nbsp;Vladimir Jakovljevic,&nbsp;Isidora Milosavljevic","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Melissa officinalis</i> L. (MO), traditionally referred to as lemon balm, is one of the lemon-scent aromatic herbs widely used in traditional medicine due to its calming, sedative, and anti-arrhythmic effects. Furthermore, several studies have linked its therapeutic potential with its antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to evaluate and compare the content of active components, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of three different MO extracts (MOEs), ethanolic macerate (E₁), aqueous (E₂), and ethanolic (E₃), obtained under reflux and their effects on systemic redox status after acute per os administration in vivo post-carrageenan application. The HPLC analysis revealed that the most abundant constituent in all the three extracts was rosmarinic acid (RA), with higher content in E₁ and E₃ than in E₂ (P < 0.05). The highest flavonoid content was found in the aqueous extract, especially quercetin (P < 0.05). For the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, dark agouti rats were used and divided into the groups: Control, indomethacin, E₁, E₂, and E₃ subgrouped according to applied doses: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Ethanolic macerate (E₁200) and aqueous (E₂100) MOE were shown to be anti-inflammatory agents in the carrageenan paw edema model, with the most prominent edema inhibition in the sixth hour post-carrageenan (63.89% and 69.44%, respectively, vs. 76.67% in the indomethacin group). All the three extracts reduced the production of pro-oxidants H₂O₂ and TBARS post-carrageenan and increased GSH levels compared to control (P < 0.05). These data imply the possible future usage of MOEs to prevent inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8d/7d/ijpr-21-1-126561.PMC9420213.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40350130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis, Docking Study, and Biological Evaluation of 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbohydrazide Derivatives as Anti-HIV-1 and Antibacterial Agents.","authors":"Omid Abdollahi,&nbsp;Arash Mahboubi,&nbsp;Zahra Hajimahdi,&nbsp;Afshin Zarghi","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of drug resistance to the existing antibacterial and anti-HIV-1 therapeutics has posed an urgent medical need to develop new molecules. We describe in this regard, a series of novel N'-arylidene-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbohydrazide derivatives with anti-HIV-1 and antibacterial activities were designed and synthesized in this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The synthesized compounds were evaluated for the blocking of both the IN ST process and cell-based HIV-1 replication. The synthesized compounds were also examined for in vitro antibacterial activities using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed the moderate antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds. Moreover, no significant integrase inhibitory and anti-HIV-1 activities were observed for the synthesized compounds at concentrations < 100 µM.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to the docking analyses, the orientation of the designed scaffold in the active site of integrase is similar to the other inhibitors of the HIV integrase and can be regarded as an acceptable template for further structural modification to improve potencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/18/5e/ijpr-21-1-126562.PMC9420229.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Iranian Stakeholders Think About Pharmaceutical Managed Entry Agreements?","authors":"Nikta Shobeiri,&nbsp;Farzad Peiravian,&nbsp;Nazila Yousefi","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-126916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-126916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uncertainty in real-world product profiles is the main barrier to pharmaceutical market access. Managed entry agreements (MEAs) are the formal arrangements to overcome these uncertainties. Despite the extensive experience of developed countries in implementing such agreements, the experience of developing countries is minimal. As health decision-makers in Iran have moved towards implementing MEAs since 2020, seeking stakeholders' insights is crucial for filling this experience gap and facilitating the optimal implementation of these new policies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our research was done in three phases: (1) Focus group interviews to disclose the main objectives of implementing MEAs in Iran, (2) the AHP approach to prioritize uncertainties, and (3) individual semi-structured interviews to carry out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on our stakeholders' views, increasing flexibility in improving patients' access to innovative and expensive drugs and responding to budget impact uncertainty seems highly prioritized for conducting MEAs in Iran. The SWOT analysis showed that although MEAs have the chance for success due to their strengths and opportunities, such as providing early and assured access, allocating resources efficiently, and enhancing the efficiency of post-marketing studies, policymakers should consider the weaknesses and threats such as difficulty in defining outcomes, high transaction cost, and lack of suitable infrastructure to increase the success rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Efficient implementation of MEAs depends on the weaknesses and threats and considering the views of relevant stakeholders. Constructive interaction among all stakeholders is essential for adequately executing MEAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":416671,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR","volume":" ","pages":"e126916"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/37/3e/ijpr-21-1-126916.PMC9420212.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40348947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}