British Journal of Canadian Studies最新文献

{"title":"Redress for linguicide: Residential schools and assimilation in Canada / Réparations pour linguicide: Les pensionnats et l'assimilation au Canada","authors":"Lorena Sekwan Fontaine","doi":"10.3828/BJCS.2017.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/BJCS.2017.11","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late 1800s, Canada's educational system has played a significant role in the destruction of Indigenous languages. The most notable examples are found in residential school policy. The erosion of Indigenous languages continues to occur in the provincial school system today. In spite of the detrimental role educational policy and institutions have had on Indigenous cultures, they now have a critical role to play in the revitalization of Indigenous languages since few Indigenous children are able to learn their languages at home. This article examines key areas that require consideration for language revitalization efforts. The article is based partly on personal reflection to reveal the intergenerational legacy of cultural and language harms. Statements regarding the abuses survivors experienced for speaking their languages will emphasise a number of issues that go beyond language loss from the residential school era.Le système éducatif canadien a joué un rôle considérable dans la destruction des langues indigènes depuis la fin des années 1800. On en trouve les exemples les plus remarquables dans la politique des pensionnats. L'érosion des langues indigènes demeure présente dans le système scolaire provincial aujourd'hui. Malgré le rôle préjudiciable que la politique d'éducation et les institutions ont pu avoir sur les cultures indigènes, elles ont dorénavant un rôle critique à jouer dans la revitalisation des langues indigènes étant donné que peu d'enfants indigènes ont la possibilité d'apprendre leur langue maternelle chez eux. Le présent document examine trois domaines clés a prendre en compte dans les efforts de revitalisation de ces langues. L'article repose en partie sur une réflexion personnelle pour révéler l'héritage intergénérationnel des atteintes à la culture et à la langue. Des déclarations concernant les violences subies par les survivants lorsqu'ils parlaient leur langue serviront à souligner un nombre de problèmes dépassant la perte de la langue à l'ère des pensionnats.","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"183 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/BJCS.2017.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49136407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archival photographs in perspective: Indian residential school images of health / Photos d'archives en perspective: images de santé des pensionnats Indiens","authors":"Krista McCracken","doi":"10.3828/BJCS.2017.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/BJCS.2017.10","url":null,"abstract":"Photographs are some of the most visceral archival sources relating to the legacy of residential schools. Residential school images can be used to supplement textual records when creating historical narratives, as tools for sparking conversation and memory, and as the start of community healing. Images of sport and recreation at residential schools provide insight into the school experience, student life, and dynamics of power within the school system. This article uses an archival understanding of residential school photography to examine student experiences in sport and recreation at residential schools. Using photographs from the Rev. Father William Maurice Fonds at the Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre, this article addresses the challenges associated with present-day usage of residential school photographs, the ways in which these photographs can contribute to ongoing discussions about healing and reconciliation, and the use of archival photographs within the residential school survivor community.Les photographies font partie des documents d'archives les plus viscéraux relatifs à l'héritage des pensionnats. Les images des pensionnats peuvent servir à préciser les documents textuels lors de la création de narrations historiques servant à engendrer la conversation et la mémoire et à entamer le processus de guérison communautaire. Les images d'activités sportives et de loisirs dans les pensionnats offrent un regard sur l'expérience scolaire, la vie des élèves et les dynamiques de pouvoir au sein du système des pensionnats. Cet article s'appuie sur une compréhension archivistique des photographies de pensionnats pour examiner les expériences sportives et récréatives des élèves des pensionnats. S'appuyant sur les photographies du fonds du Rev. Father William Maurice au Centre des pensionnats autochtones (SRSC), cet article aborde les défis associés à l'usage contemporain des images de pensionnats, comment ces photographies peuvent contribuer aux discussions actuelles autour de la guérison et de la réconciliation, et l'usage des photographies d'archives au sein de la communauté des survivants des pensionnats autochtones.","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"163 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/BJCS.2017.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44759439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'The only good thing that happened at school': Colonising narratives of sport in the Indian School Bulletin / 'La seule bonne chose qui avait lieu à l'école': Le récit colonisateur sur le sport dans le Indian School Bulletin","authors":"J. Forsyth, Michael Heine","doi":"10.3828/BJCS.2017.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/BJCS.2017.12","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how sport, recreation, and physical activity practices were represented in the Indian School Bulletin, a newsletter that was published by the Indian Affairs Branch from 1946 to 1957 to provide guidance and instruction for the teachers in its residential school system. During this time, the Branch made organised, competitive physical activities a primary site for the advancement of its assimilationist programmes and used the Bulletin to communicate its policy priorities to the teachers, who were to foster involvement in such activities whenever possible. Findings from this article acknowledge the colonising impacts of sports and recreation while highlighting the complexities stemming from those impacts, in particular, narratives about the 'positives' of sports and residential schooling.Ce document examine la représentation du sport, des loisirs et de la pratique d'une activité physique dans le Indian School Bulletin, circulaire publiée par le Département des Affaires Indiennes de 1946 à 1957 qui fournissait des conseils et des instructions aux professeurs de son réseau de pensionnats. Durant cette période, le Département fit de l'activité physique compétitive un point primordial pour la promotion de ses programmes assimilationnistes et le Bulletin leur servait à communiquer aux professeurs tenus d'encourager leurs élèves à s'impliquer dans ces activités autant que possible ses priorités en matière de politique. Les résultats de cette étude reconnaissent le rôle colonisateur du sport et des activités de loisirs tout en soulignant les complexités qui en découlent, en particulier, les récits concernant l'apport positif de la pratique du sport et l'éducation en pensionnat.","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"205 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/BJCS.2017.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70388448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Indian boys to Canadian men? The use of cadet drill in the Canadian Indian residential school system / Transformation de garçon indien en homme canadien? L'utilisation de la formation des cadets dans le réseau des pensionnats","authors":"Evan J. Habkirk","doi":"10.3828/BJCS.2017.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/BJCS.2017.13","url":null,"abstract":"From the 1870s to the closing of Canada's Indian residential school system in 1996, cadet corps and military-style drill were the cornerstones to physical education and functioned as a way to assimilate Indigenous students into a subordinate position in Canadian society. The schools' use of cadet drill is a key legacy found in the historical and contemporary enlistments of Indigenous peoples in the Canadian armed forces. Some students used military drill as a way to survive the abuse they encountered at school by finding relief in opportunities to travel off school grounds to engage in public performances and competitive events. Additionally, students derived meaning from competitions, especially winning against non-Indigenous cadet teams. This time away from school and the competitions increased the student's self-worth, with some students using it to connect to their people's military past.Des années 1870 à la disparition du réseau des pensionnats en 1996, les corps de cadets et l'exercice de style militaire étaient les fondements de l'éducation physique et servait à assimiler les élèves indigènes dans des positions subordonnées dans la société canadienne. L'utilisation de l'exercice des cadets par les pensionnats représente un héritage clé que l'on retrouve dans l'enrôlement passé et contemporain des peuples indigènes dans les forces armées canadiennes. Certains élèves utilisèrent l'exercice militaire comme un moyen de survivre aux violences subies à l'école en trouvant un soulagement dans les opportunités de voyages hors du pensionnat pour participer à des évènements publics et compétitifs. En outre, les élèves trouvaient une valeur dans ces compétitions, surtout en gagnant contre des équipes de cadets non-indigènes. Ces moments passés en dehors de l'école, ainsi que les compétitions, renforçaient l'estime de soi des élèves et certains se servaient de cette expérience pour se reconnecter avec le passé militaire de leur peuple.","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"227 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/BJCS.2017.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48858276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toronto, the Belfast of Canada: The Orange Order and the Shaping of Municipal Culture by William J. Smyth (review)","authors":"E. Worsfold","doi":"10.3138/9781442666771-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442666771-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"260 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47785500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Constitutions that Shaped Us: A Historical Anthology of Pre-1867 Canadian Constitutions ed. by Guy Laforest, Eugénie Brouillet, Alain-G. Gagnon, and Yves Tanguay (review)","authors":"P. Price","doi":"10.5860/choice.196077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.196077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"249 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46879114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immigration Canada: Evolving Realities and Emerging Challenges in a Postnational World by Augie Fleras, and: The Minor Intimacies of Race: Asian Publics in North America by Christine Kim (review)","authors":"R. Wong","doi":"10.5860/choice.190161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.190161","url":null,"abstract":"Augie Fieras, Immigration Canada: Evolving Realities and Emerging Challenges in a Postnational World (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2015), 544 pp. Cased. $95. ISBN 978-0-7748-2679-2. Paper. $39.95. ISBN 978-0-7748-2680-8.Christine Kim, The Minor Intimacies of Race: Asian Publics in North America (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2016), 200 pp. Cased. $95. ISBN 978-0-252-04013-9. Paper. $30. ISBN 978-0-252-08162-0.Christine Kim's and Augie Fleras's books enter into the multifarious conversation of Canadian multiculturalism and the possibility of a national identity. Kim examines the internal factors and consequences of immigration to Canada and multiculturalism through her analysis of minor publics, public spaces, and the intimacies they may produce. Fleras considers the current Canadian multicultural paradigm by tracing immigration patterns to Canada and the consequences of Canadian immigration policies and legislation.In The Minor Intimacies of Race, Kim sets up her work with an analysis of the Bank of Canada's attempts to feature an Asian female scientist on the $100 bill. As Kim relays, the Asian-looking scientist was not met with great favour by initial focus groups previewing the design, but rather the response was that an Asian-looking woman could hardly represent Canada or Canadian values (pp. 1-3). Kim uses this response to demonstrate how the politics of multicultural recognition does not necessarily permeate the nation to the degree to which multicultural rhetoric does. That is, although Canada has adopted official multicultural policies since the late 1970s, multicultural recognition in everyday interactions has not yet reached the masses (otherwise the Asian scientist on the bank note would not have been scrutinized for not properly representing Canada).Central to Kim's book is the idea of publics. Kim uses the concept of 'dominant publics' and 'minor publics' to highlight social intimacy and feeling involved in the construction of publics, but especially minor publics. The term 'Asian Canadian' tends to be a catchall term used to describe a variety of ethnic groups or diasporas without noting the many cultural, linguistic, socio-economic, and geographical differences. For Kim, the idea of a 'minor public' represents a group of people that is brought together through shared experiences, feelings, community, and identity (although Kim asserts that this is not inherently tied to notions of race or ethnicity). Drawing further from mainstream YouTube videos, Twitter 'tweets', local Canadian artists, and contemporary Canadian literature, Kim uses media to highlight how Asian publics, many of which are often included in an Asian Canadian diaspora, may indeed be broken down further into minor publics.For Kim, feelings matter because a minor public can only remain in existence as long as their participants are engaged in active dialogue. They are much more ephemeral and momentary than a catchall term such as 'Asian ","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"265 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42016710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Reflections on health and the body at Canadian Indian residential schools","authors":"Evan J. Habkirk, Janice Forsyth","doi":"10.3828/bjcs.2017.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2017.8","url":null,"abstract":"The overall theme of this journal arose some time ago from conversations between many of the contributors about the term 'health' and the different ways researchers have applied it to our understanding of the Indian residential school system in Canada. The more we discussed how the term had been applied, and mulled over the possible implications of those applications, the more we recognised the importance of exploring the boundaries of the term, going beyond its traditional usage referring to hospitalisation and medical treatment. As this special issue demonstrates, health, when used in the context of Canada's Indian residential schools, is linked directly to physical education programming, food and malnutrition, language and intergenerational trauma, extra-curricular programming, military preparedness, and cultural identity. Although this collection represents a small sample of the work being carried out by researchers in Canada, we hope it opens up the possibilities for research and understanding regarding healthrelated matters stemming from the residential school system.All of the contributors to this special issue are also politically engaged in one way or another in their various fields. As such, we paid close attention to the final reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission - a federally mandated body that was responsible for collecting and documenting the history of the Indian residential school system from the perspective of the students. Although the six-year investigation ended in 2015, research into the health aspects of the system continues as Indigenous people and Canadians wrestle with complex matters tied to health. All of the articles in this collection refer to some extent to the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.Ian Mosby and Tracey Galloway's article, '\"The abiding condition was hunger\": assessing the long-term biological and health effects of malnutrition and hunger in Canada's residential schools', explores the present-day effects of historical malnutrition on Indigenous people and Indigenous communities. Citing malnutrition studies from around the world, the authors argue that many of the health problems that Indigenous people in Canada face can be traced to the residential schools. It is a groundbreaking study in that it links food deprivation, and the lack of access to healthy foods, to biological and psychological development, thus challenging typical interventions that aim to address health-related issues, such as obesity prevention and diabetes, among Indigenous people. Their use of evidence also highlights the need for researchers to find parallel examples from history and other parts of the world to understand the implications of the Indian residential school system in Canada better.In 'Archival photographs in perspective: Indian residential school images of health', historian and archivist Krista McCracken explores the photographic evidence of sports and recreation at Spanish Indian Residential ","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"143 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/bjcs.2017.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48173133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Margaret Atwood: Crime Fiction Writer: The Reworking of a Popular Genre by Jackie Shead (review)","authors":"C. A. Howells","doi":"10.1353/mlr.2017.0160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2017.0160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"138 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48301473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Your Country, My Country: A Unified History of the United States and Canada by Robert Bothwell (review)","authors":"Greg Donaghy","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010210094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010210094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41591,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"115 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45281823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}