Business Ethics and Leadership最新文献

{"title":"Excess COVID-19 Infections, Mortality, and Economic Development in India","authors":"M. Mathur, Achintya Ray","doi":"10.21272/10.21272/bel.6(4).100-107.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/bel.6(4).100-107.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main purpose of the research is to estimate the extent of excess Covid-19 cases and mortalities in India and examine its relationship with the degree of economic progress in various parts of the country especially given the uneven nature of the impact of the pandemic throughout the nation. The main hypotheses of the study were: 1) in areas with a high level of income per capita, the death rate per 100,000 population will be lower; 2) areas with a high level of income per capita tend to be more urbanized, economically active, and therefore quite densely populated, which increases the probability of morbidity and mortality. The object of research is over 20 million Covid-19 cases and over 370,000 deaths in 31 States and Union Territories (UTs) in India beginning in the first months of the pandemic and going through the middle of 2021. The methodological tools of the conducted research were the methods of regression analysis. The study of a relative measure of success in pandemic management (less than one-half of the median death rate as the relative threshold for measuring success) empirically confirms and theoretically proves that India had at least 16.6 million excess Covid-19 cases and over 228,000 excess COVID-19 deaths as of June 18, 2021. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between excess deaths of the population from Covid-19 and state-level per-capita income (as an explanatory variable), which testified that about 60% of actual and excess deaths can be explained by the per-capita income alone. According to the results of the analysis, it was proved that actual and excess deaths are both higher in richer states. Poorer states did considerably well in keeping Covid-19 mortality low compared to their more affluent counterparts. The positive relationship between Covid-19 mortality and per-capita income does not go away even after controlling for the caseloads used as a proxy for the spread of the pandemic. This augmented model explains about 80% of the actual and excess deaths from the Covid-19 pandemic in India. After controlling for caseloads, a thousand Rupees increase in per-capita income contributed to about 15 additional deaths per 100,000 population. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between economic development (as measured by the per-capita income) and excess mortality from COVID-19, which proved a positive relationship between them and proved a potentially adverse impact of economic progress on human immunity, especially if population density, living conditions, and food security moderate that relationship.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"1227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127433295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Academic Publishing: Research Leadership in the Context of Digitalization and Globalization of the Business Environment","authors":"Elena Stavrova","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(4).92-99.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(4).92-99.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the present study is to recreate the new role that academic publishing houses perform in the conditions of digital transformation and the growing number and volume of scientific publications in the conditions of oligopolistic competition, of structuring the ecosystem of academic publishing as an opportunity to build a network of mutually intersecting interests. The chosen approach analyzes the dynamic environment in which academic publishing houses function under the influence of subsequent crises and changes in the business model of accumulation and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Bearing in mind the special role of academic publication and distribution, it has a key role in the exchange of scientific knowledge, expanding the possibilities of access and use of already created and distributed scientific production to increase academic institutions’ competitiveness. Academic publishing and knowledge dissemination are facing the need for digital transformation and redesign of the access system. Only in such a case will it realize its practical goals of creating added value and return on the resources invested in the system. This change in the role of academic publishing makes it relevant. It strengthens its contribution to limiting the opportunities for abuse of authors’ copyright on the results of their scientific research. Academic publishing and distribution form a changing and relatively new field that, in the current market conditions, is tasked with satisfying the interests of universities, researchers and end-users for access to scientific knowledge. The main challenges faced by academic publishing include: the provision of open access to scientific information; the protection of intellectual property; the realization of economic efficiency based on invested resources and increased competitiveness. In the end, academic publishing houses are economic agents, using various funding sources, and hence realize to varying degrees the effect of their improved market positioning. In this way, this industry contributes to the promotion of scientific knowledge and copyright protection for researchers, the possibility of comparisons and new searches, and for investors in the publishing business − to receive a real return for the resources invested. The present study is tasked with giving a new perspective to the business of academic publishing and distribution as a socially significant ecosystem subject to basic economic laws and its role in sharing scientific knowledge to improve the welfare of society.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129196773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open Research Data in the Open Science Ecosystem and Business Environment","authors":"A. Boiko, Olha Kramarenko, T. Mayboroda","doi":"10.21272/10.21272/bel.6(4).79-91.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/bel.6(4).79-91.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Today, one can observe shifts in the research landscape, which is formed by digitization and open science principles. The open science movement continues to gain momentum, attention and debate. In parallel with the principle of unity, open science gives rise to a taxonomy of several related ideas, guidelines and concepts, such as open access, open replicable research and open data. Over the past fifteen years, research institutions have focused on open access to publications. However, recently the focus of attention has shifted to research data as a “new currency” in research activities and their distribution in open access, and the guiding principles of data management are becoming crucial for the wide implementation of open science practices and the effective use of data in research, industry, business and other sectors of the economy. In this context, it is relevant to carry out a thorough study of primary scientific works on open science issues and to study the role of the concept of “open research data” in the paradigm of a holistic ecosystem of open science and business ecosystem. In this work, it is proposed to use the methods of quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis, which allows to identify the main trends and form the basis for further research. The information base for this work was the international scientometric database Scopus, which enables to analyze bibliographic data using built-in tools and import them for external use in the VOSviewer software. The study revealed an increasing trend in the number of publications on the subject under study, with the highest annual growth rate in 2017 (76%) and 2019 (66%). Qualitative bibliographic analysis made it possible to analyze the most cited and, therefore, trending works on the selected topic. In terms of the number of citations per year, the results show that the studies with such directions in open science as open program code (open source); data/research reproducibility, research data management; open access to publications (open access) are most popular. In addition, a cluster analysis of the co-prevalence of keywords was conducted. It formed clusters dedicated to both institutional and infrastructural problems of the development of open science and research data. Separately, the results of the analysis create a scientific basis for further research into the key determinants of the effectiveness of the implementation of a proper research data management system at the micro, meso, and macro levels. It will improve the effectiveness of the implementation of scientific developments from one field of knowledge to another, while achieving increased interdisciplinary research. In parallel with this, interested persons of the real sector of the economy get the opportunity to analyze scientific results, determining the possibility of their adoption in their own activities.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115640689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"University Administrative Employees’ Perceptions of Their Offices’ Physical Environment Comfort","authors":"S. Ngcobo, J. Mhlanga","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(4).61-78.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(4).61-78.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Administrative office employees spend much time confined in their workspaces as they work hard to provide the critical support required for the overall performance of their organizations. As a result, their comfort should be given priority by their organizations, be it private or public. This article investigated the administrative employees’ perceptions of their offices’ physical environment comfort in a public university. Different aspects of their physical environment, such as furniture, noise, office temperature, lighting and space, were examined as variables influencing their performance. The systematization of literary sources for solving the problem of arranging a comfortable physical environment in private organizations proved a significant dependence of the productivity of employees on the physical environment in which they perform their duties. However, there is the scarcity of research conducted in a public organization, especially in the higher education sector. The methodological tool of the research was the method of quantitative analysis, in which a questionnaire was used to collect data from 81 administrative staff of a public university with several campuses in South Africa. The findings indicated that many respondents generally perceived a comfortable physical environment necessary to increase performance. These were, however, not always matched by their perceptions of what transpired at their offices. For instance, 63% of respondents viewed comfortable furniture as critical for the performance of their duties. Nevertheless, only 55% of respondents agreed that their university furniture was comfortable, with 24% disagreeing and 21% taking a neutral stance. The split in perceptions makes it imperative for the university to attend to areas of weakness and inequality in providing physical environment resources. A future study could examine whose offices are more comfortable than others in university contexts. In addition, a promising direction of future research should be the reconciliation of employees’ perception of the comfort of the physical environment in offices with the results of observations. This will enrich the obtained results.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"353 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124468719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Friendly Family Practice in Reducing Employee Turnover in Malaysian Private Higher Educational Institutions","authors":"Nelson Teh Song Aik","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(4).10-22.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(4).10-22.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main purpose of the research is to identify the effectiveness of implementing family-friendly practices in reducing turnover amongst academicians in private higher education institutions, with the mediator effect on job satisfaction. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the employee turnover problem indicates that friendly family practice includes three dimensions: flexible working arrangements, parental leave and childcare benefits. During the investigation, these three variables will be evaluated for their relationship with turnover and whether there is any significant or effective association among the variables. The research proves that for many private higher educational institutions, the expansion required a considerable effort to have knowledgeable academicians and skillful employees. Thus, they could deliver their professions and skills to achieve education goals. However, retaining the employee is always the main issue faced by many institutions and many scholars have formulated strategies to minimise turnover. Most of them claim that if the strategies are properly implemented, organization turnover will be reduced, thus developing a highly committed and motivated employee. Hence, this study has developed five (5) research questions and ten (10) hypotheses. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 316 employees from different educational institutions was selected through a cluster sampling method to respond to the questionnaire. The methodological tools of the conducted research were methods of multivariate statistical analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The outcome of the research provided researchers with an understanding that flexible work arrangements, provision of parental leave and childcare benefits have a significant negative relationship with employee turnover intention. Besides that, the outcome also confirmed that there is a mediation effect of job satisfaction towards family-friendly practices and turnover intention.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127865455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Non-Citizen Population in Regional Differences in Non-Voting in the USA","authors":"Achintya Ray","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(3).113-119.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).113-119.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given that voting is the bedrock of any functional democracy, it is an intriguing puzzle as to why many eligible voters often choose not to vote. The rational choice theory posits that voters might decide to stay away from voting, especially if they believe that their votes are inconsequential and not enough to change the outcomes of an election, especially involving many unrelated voters. However, other socioeconomic factors may modify that belief as voters may respond to the environment they live in and vote accordingly just to make a statement. Also, affinity to other fellow citizens and the presence of social capital may lead the voters to vote in higher numbers to signal voter solidarity. Using the US Census Bureau’s voting participation and citizenship composition data at the state levels for the year 2020, this paper shows that citizens feel positively inclined to participate in voting if a larger percentage of citizens are registered to vote. Furthermore, controlling for voter registration and regional indicator variables, non-voting (by the registered voters) seems to decline (voting seems to increase) as the percentage of non-citizens increases in the population. The first result seems to point to the non-trivial role played by social capital and voter affinity in increasing turnout, while the second and the key result of this paper seems to indicate that larger immigration numbers may energize the citizens to vote in higher numbers, thereby reducing the percentage of citizens who do not vote. Further evidence regarding regional variations suggests that controlling for voter registration and percentage of non-citizens in the population, non-voting may be lower in the North-Eastern and Western regions of the USA compared to the Southern and Mid-Western regions. Asymmetries in regional immigrations, voter registration and voter engagement present a very interesting dynamism for future elections and public policy formulation in the USA.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125693548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Process Ethical Decision-Making Models: Need for Empirical Examination","authors":"Seema Gupta, Shilpa Bhandari","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(3).47-56.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).47-56.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main purpose of the study is to examine various ethical decision-making models based on Dual Process Theory (DPT) and to determine the features of their application in business management. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of managerial decision-making indicates that despite a significant number of data publications, the issue of the implementation and effectiveness of ethical models is poorly researched and requires a more detailed analysis. The object of research is secondary data contained in scientific articles published in journals. The paper examines the social-intuitive-emotional context of the ethical decision-making process, which can help understand the management context of these models. The results of the empirical analysis of the features of the use of the Social-Intuitionist (S-I), Cognitive-Intuitionist (C-I), and Cognitive-Affective models (C-A) models in the decision-making process proved the existence of significant differences between them. The methodological tools of the research were the theories of emotion and intuition, as they directly relate to the “Integrated Ethical Decision Making” (I-EDM) model, which is the most practiced in the actual business setting. The article proposes a conceptual integrated R-S-I-E Ethical Decision-Making model, which can be used in testing theoretical research questions and hypotheses related to business ethics. This model considers individual factors, personal moral philosophy (deontology, teleology), and the moral intensity managers feel during a moral dilemma. Based on the research results, the consequences of overcoming the gap between the existing theoretical developments on these issues and the peculiarities of the decision-making process in practice are summarized. The research results can be used in the empirical evaluation of ethical models in different cultural conditions (including India) and be helpful for the management of companies in making ethical decisions.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132744636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighing Externalities of Economic Recovery Projects: An Alternative to Green Taxonomies that is Fairer and more Realistic","authors":"R. Bardy, A. Rubens","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(3).23-34.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).23-34.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Natural and man-made crises and disasters often cause untold destruction, but also provide multiple opportunities for economic redevelopment post the crisis. Like other crises the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred public and private entities to become engaged in significant redevelopment efforts. Policymakers in some countries view these efforts as an opening for not only including other issues such as deficits in infrastructure and the social systems, but also for redefining their political priorities towards a “green economy”. While pursuing various policy objectives at the same time is a prudent undertaking, it seems rather questionable that politicians, under the pressure of ecological activism, would evaluate all crisis policy measures by their effect on environmental outcomes. We are seeing this in the European Union (EU) as it is about to couple its Recovery and Resilience Facility (financed through the “Next Generation EU Recovery Fund”) with its Green Deal. In the U.S., so far, the Build Back Better package and the American Rescue Plan seem to seek separate evaluation schemes for their different policy fields. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wide-ranging opinions that exist on the intention to make recovery support contingent on ecological effects: For example, there is the classic Tinbergen Rule which states that for each policy target there must be at least one policy tool; thus, if there are fewer tools than targets, then some policy goals will not ultimately be achieved. Likewise, long-term climate change mitigation can only be achieved with long-term policies that consider and weigh out all externalities. Moreover, embarking on long term recovery plans cannot solely be formulated and implemented on ex-ante definitions of ecological impacts. The paper raises the question whether requesting ecological effects from all recovery programs is just and fair. It contrasts the various options of coupling recovery efforts and climate mitigation with state-of-the-art approaches of valuating multiple externalities: weighing the diverse externalities of policy projects can determine which policy tools to choose. It also demonstrates the downside of a policy that are solely focuses on granting financial support, if not, a project can effectively meet a pre-specified ecological and energy goal as set up by the EU and which ranks recovery projects according to their arbitrary effect on climate change. A wider scope of decision criteria will produce more effective ways to “build back better”.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132826139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Skills, Personality and Psychology on Management and Decision Making: Empirical Study Among Managers and Employees","authors":"G. Tovmasyan","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(3).5-13.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).5-13.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of the influence of skills, personality factors, and psychology on management and decision-making processes. The systematization of literature on the problem of managerial decision-making has shown the impact of a significant number of internal factors on the effectiveness of corporate governance. The main purpose of the research is to determine whether personality impacts management processes in organizations. The object of the study is 25 managers and 60 employees of companies working in different spheres. The analysis in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: at the first stage, the literary sources containing the results of previous studies on this topic were analyzed; based on the obtained results, a survey of managers and employees of companies was conducted, and appropriate conclusions were made. Methodological tools of the research include survey, interview, and statistical methods: cross tabulation with Pearson Chi-square testing. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which shows that most employees and managers think that the efficient managers are the ones who are loved by employees. According to the managers and employees, these are the best skills that an efficient manager should have: communication skills, leadership skills, decision-making skills, professional knowledge and practice. Both employees and managers think that the best managers are extroverts, ambitious and leader-like. According to the managers and employees, the most efficient managers are analytical, active, social, wise and enthusiastic. According to managers, the most efficient managers are characterized as the thinker (melancholic) and socially useful, and according to employees, the most efficient manager is characterized as the doer (choleric) and socially useful. According to managers and employees, a good decision-maker is analytical and wise. The results may be useful for organizations, also for studies in management, HR, psychology, personal development, etc.","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125928358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsidiarity in Management & Business Activity: The Two Sides of the Phenomenon","authors":"O. Swiatkiewicz","doi":"10.21272/bel.6(3).77-91.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).77-91.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is devoted to the analysis of the concept of subsidiarity, which allowed the formulation of the subsidiarity principle, acting in various spheres of collective human activity. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches to the management of business activities proved that the ethical principle of subsidiarity aims to develop the well-being of collective human life, but it also has its limitations. On the one hand, numerous positive examples of mutual support, cooperation, help, mentoring, and employee development are known in business activity, as well as in management theory and practice. On the other hand, there have always been conflicts, rivalry, and competition at certain times. Besides that, not all businessmen and managers have always behaved following generally accepted principles. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the features of the application of the principle of subsidiarity in management and business in general and in specific examples. The methodological tools of the research are methods of critical analysis of literature and praxeological analysis of human actions. The article presents the results of the analysis of the function and features of the application of the concept of subsidiarity, including functional attributes specific to the principle of subsidiarity and the attributes that contradict it. The examples for the use of the concept of subsidiarity in management and business offered in this paper are not exhaustive. The Motivator-Hygiene theory and job enrichment, workers participation in organization or participation in decision making, corporate social responsibility and microfinance, initiated by M. Yunus as microcredit, Grameen Bank and Grameen Movement, were used as tools for the illustration of attributes characteristic of the principle of subsidiarity. The analysis of functional attributes opposed to the principle of subsidiarity or simulating it was carried out on the example of the theory of bureaucracy dysfunctions, discrimination, corruption, mobbing/bullying, paternalism, Taylorism, or the Scientific Management. The article presents the results of the analysis, which proved that the application of the subsidiarity principle is a specific case of the Aristotelian principle of the golden mean, the pursuit of balance, harmony, equilibrium, i.e., individual, and collective human development and practice of virtues, distributive justice. In this case, however, there is no external criterion that could be used to establish this balance or equilibrium. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves the existence of an intersubjective and historical evaluation (criterion) subject to manipulation. This situation creates a practical problem for the effectiveness of this principle because people with insufficient knowledge, weak in spirit (weak character), or bad intentions can use this principle for their purposes, explaining their behaviors by ignorance, good inten","PeriodicalId":410560,"journal":{"name":"Business Ethics and Leadership","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127029839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}