Proceedings of the Combustion Institute最新文献

{"title":"Recent developments in DNS of turbulent combustion","authors":"Pascale Domingo,&nbsp;Luc Vervisch","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.06.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.06.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The simulation of turbulent flames fully resolving the smallest flow scales and the thinnest reaction zones goes along with specific requirements, which are discussed from dimensionless numbers<span> useful to introduce the generic context in which direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent flames is performed. Starting from this basis, the evolution of the DNS landscape over the past five years is reviewed. It is found that the flow geometries, the focus of the studies and the overall motivations for performing DNS have broadened, making DNS a standard tool in numerical turbulent combustion. Along these lines, the emerging DNS of laboratory burners for turbulent flame modeling development is discussed and illustrated from DNS imbedded in </span></span>Large Eddy Simulation<span> (LES) and flow resolved simulation of bluff-body flames. The literature shows that DNS generated databases constitute a fantastic playground for developing and testing a large spectrum of promising machine learning methods<span> for the control and the optimisation of combustion systems<span>, including novel numerical approaches based on the training of neural networks and which can be evaluated in DNS free from sub-model artefacts. The so-called quasi-DNS is also progressively entering the optimisation loop of combustion systems, with the application of techniques to downsize real combustion devices in order to perform fully resolved simulations of their complex geometries. An example of such study leading to the improvement of an incinerator efficiency is reported. Finally, numbers are given relative to the carbon footprint of the generation of DNS databases, motivating the crucial need for community building around database sharing.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 2","pages":"Pages 2055-2076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3457317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DFT-based microkinetic theory for Fe2O3 reduction by CO in chemical looping","authors":"Yang Wang,&nbsp;Zhenshan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Redox kinetics of oxygen carrier in chemical looping is an important component for material preparation, reactor design and process demonstration. How to bridge the gap between the microscale<span> density functional theory (DFT) and the macroscale redox kinetics and develop a first-principle-based theoretical model is still a challenge in the field of chemical looping. This study addresses this challenge and proposes a DFT-based microkinetic rate equation theory to calculate the heterogeneous kinetics of Fe</span></span>₂O₃<span><span> reduction by CO in chemical looping. Firstly, the DFT calculation is adopted to search the reaction pathways and to obtain the energy barriers of elementary reactions. Secondly, the DFT results are introduced into the transition state theory (TST) to calculate the reaction rate constants and build the rate equations of elementary surface reactions. Finally, by considering the bulk diffusion, a rate equation is developed to bridge the gap between the elementary surface reactions and the grain conversion. In the theory, the reaction mechanism obtained from DFT and </span>kinetic rate constants obtained from TST are directly implemented into the rate equation to predict the reduction kinetics of oxygen carriers without fitting experimental data. The accuracy of the developed theory is validated by experimental data of two Fe</span>₂O₃<span> oxygen carriers obtained from the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The microkinetic rate equation theory is based on the first principles calculation and can predict directly the redox kinetics of oxygen carriers without depending on the experimental kinetic data, therefore, it provides a powerful theoretical tool to screen the oxygen carrier materials and optimize the microstructure of oxygen carriers.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 4","pages":"Pages 4447-4455"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3458629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined high-pressure experimental and kinetic modeling study of cyclopentene pyrolysis and its reactions with acetylene","authors":"Alaa Hamadi ,&nbsp;Leticia Carneiro Piton ,&nbsp;Said Abid ,&nbsp;Nabiha Chaumeix ,&nbsp;Andrea Comandini","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A combined experimental and kinetic modeling study is presented to improve the understanding of the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from neat cyclopentene and cyclopentene/acetylene mixtures. High-pressure experiments are conducted for the first time over a temperature range covering 930–1650 K using a single-pulse shock tube coupled to gas chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/GC–MS) techniques. Several updates and inclusions, mainly regarding the reactions involving C₅ molecules and radicals, are made in our on-going PAH kinetic model, which shows satisfactory predictive performances for the speciation measurements obtained in the current work and in the literature. On the basis of the experimental observations and modeling analyses, the reaction pathways active during the pyrolysis of cyclopentene are illustrated and the effects of acetylene addition as co-reactant on the PAH chemistry are assessed. In all of the cases investigated, it is noted that the cyclopentadienyl radical largely participate in the formation of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and styrene) and PAHs (indene, naphthalene and phenanthrene).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of scalar mixing uncertainty on the predictions of reactor-based closures: Application to a lifted methane/air jet flame","authors":"R. Amaduzzi ,&nbsp;A. Bertolino ,&nbsp;A. Özden ,&nbsp;R. Malpica Galassi ,&nbsp;A. Parente","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.06.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.06.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This work is devoted to quantify the predictive uncertainty in RANS<span> simulation of a non-premixed lifted flame due to uncertainty in the model parameters of the scalar dissipation rate<span> transport equation. The uncertainty propagation and the global sensitivity analysis of the effect of such parameters on the quantities of interest (QoIs) is performed employing Polynomial Chaos Expansions as surrogate models of the uncertain response. This approach is applied on a lifted methane-air jet flame in vitiated coflow, already experimentally investigated by Cabra et al [1]. The results show the effectiveness of the approach to provide predictions with estimates of uncertainty. It is shown that the the uncertainty in the mixture fraction and temperature is negligible as long as only pure mixing happens, then it becomes significant in the regions where ignition begins, starting from </span></span></span><span><math><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>30</mn></mrow></math></span>. Of the four parameters considered, i.e., <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, main and total effect sensitivity indices show that the largest contribution to the uncertainty in the flame temperature is given by the two dissipation parameters <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, while the production parameter <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> has almost negligible impact on the predictions. Lastly, the surrogate models are used to determine an optimum set of parameters that minimizes the distance with the experimental measures, leading to improved predictions of the QoIs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 4","pages":"Pages 5165-5175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extended FGM model with transported PDF for LES of spray combustion","authors":"Ahmad Hadadpour ,&nbsp;Shijie Xu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue-Song Bai ,&nbsp;Mehdi Jangi","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.09.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An enhanced flamelet generated manifold (FGM) model for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent spray combustion is presented. In the enhanced FGM model, a transported probability density function (TPDF) description of the FGM variables is employed. The TPDF is represented using the Eulerian stochastic fields (ESF) approach, and the method is applied to LES of spray combustion under conditions relevant to internal combustion engines. The new ESF/FGM method achieves an improved accuracy of predictions due to the ESF modelling of the subgrid-scale turbulence-chemistry interaction. It also achieves high computational efficiency due to the FGM tabulation of the chemical kinetic mechanism. The performance of the new ESF/FGM model is assessed by simulation of the Spray-A flames from Engine Combustion Network (ECN) and comparison of the results, firstly, with experimental measurements, and secondly, with conventional FGM model simulation results. It is shown that the ESF/FGM method is capable of predicting both global and local combustion characteristics, i.e., pressure rise, ignition delay time, flame lift-off length and the thermo-chemical structure of the spray flames with improved accuracy compared to the conventional FGM model that is based on the presumed PDF description of FGM variables. The sensitivity of the predictions using ESF/FGM to the number of stochastic fields is examined by varying the number of these fields in the range of 4–128. Furthermore, the influence of different FGM reaction progress variables on the simulations is investigated, and a new reaction progress variable based on the local consumption of oxygen is proposed. The results show that the new progress variable improves predictions of spray combustion, including the prediction of the start of injection, the quasi-steady state liftoff length, the post-injection oxidation, and the pressure evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 4","pages":"Pages 4889-4898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inward-propagating cylindrical flames under different ignition conditions","authors":"Wenhu Han,&nbsp;Feng Wan,&nbsp;Jin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.09.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.09.051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Inward-propagating cylindrical flames are studied numerically by high-resolution simulations using a one-step Arrhenius kinetics. Emphasis is placed on the effect of shock waves on the flame propagation by setting initial ignition conditions with and without shock wave. It is found that without initial shock wave, the inward-propagating flame propagates initially at a constant speed, while in the later stage of the propagation, it shows a small-amplitude </span>oscillatory motion<span>. When the shock wave initially introduced is medium, a large-amplitude oscillatory motion is caused by the interaction of shock waves with the inward-propagating flame. Moreover, autoignition occurs at the center and develops outwardly into a cellular flame. However, as the introduced shock wave is strong, autoignition created at the center evolves outwardly a cellular detonation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 3","pages":"Pages 3001-3010"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient time-resolved thermal characterization of single and multi-injector rocket combustion chambers","authors":"Arianna Remiddi,&nbsp;Giuseppe Indelicato,&nbsp;Pasquale Eduardo Lapenna,&nbsp;Francesco Creta","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>In this work, an efficient methodology for the time-resolved thermal characterization of rocket combustion chambers at reasonable computational cost is presented. The multi-scale and multi-physics numerical framework tackles simultaneously an arbitrary number of contiguous domains, either fluid or solid, and takes advantage of several modeling solutions aimed at </span>stiffness reduction<span>. Non-premixed turbulent combustion is handled through a flamelet-based approach accounting for non adiabatic and non equilibrium effects, thermal wall functions adapted for rocket operating conditions are employed to overcome the stiffness induced by the boundary layer, and a coupling strategy is implemented to guarantee temperature and heat flux continuity across the interfaces. The coupling strategy is based on a </span></span>Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) condition, yielding the interface temperature as a result of a heat flux continuity constraint, and is then reformulated for convection-dominated phenomena, allowing for a further reduction of the computational cost. This allows for the simulation of long time windows, of industrial and experimental relevance. In particular, the solution of the chemically reactive flow is initialized with a CHT condition, and replaced, upon attainment of a statistical </span>fluid dynamic<span> steady state, by an equivalent convective boundary condition. The numerical framework is validated and tested by means of several 2D and 3D cases, the latter consisting in both single-element and multi-element experimental combustor chambers operating in rocket-like conditions.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 4","pages":"Pages 5043-5052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical kinetics of HO2 + C5H5: A missing piece in cyclopentadienyl radical oxidation reactions","authors":"Luna Pratali Maffei,&nbsp;Matteo Pelucchi,&nbsp;Tiziano Faravelli,&nbsp;Carlo Cavallotti","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.08.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.08.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The resonantly-stabilized cyclopentadienyl radical (C₅H₅) is a key species in the combustion and molecular growth kinetics of mono and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (M/PAHs). At intermediate-to-low temperatures, the C₅H₅ reaction with the hydroperoxyl radical (HO₂) strongly impacts the competition between oxidation to smaller products and growth to PAHs, precursors of soot. However, literature estimates for the HO₂ + C₅H₅ reaction rate are inaccurate and inconsistent with recent theoretical calculations, thus generating discrepancies in global combustion kinetic models. In this work, we perform state-of-the-art theoretical calculations for the HO₂ + C₅H₅ reaction including variable reaction coordinate transition state theory for barrierless channels, accurate thermochemistry, and multi-well master equation (ME) simulations. Contrary to previous studies, we predict that OH + 1,3-C₅H₅O is the main reaction channel. The new rate constants are introduced in two literature kinetic models exploiting our recently developed ME based lumping methodology and used to perform kinetic simulations of experimental data of MAHs oxidation. It is found that the resonantly-stabilized 1,3-C₅H₅O radical is the main C₅H₅O isomer, accumulating in relevant concentration in the system, and that the adopted lumping procedure is fully consistent with results obtained with detailed kinetics. The reactivity of C₅H₅O with OH and O₂ radicals is included in the kinetic mechanisms based on analogy rules. As a result, C₅H₅O mostly reacts with O₂ producing smaller C₃/C₄ species and large amounts of C₅H₄O, suggesting that further investigations of the reactivity of both C₅H₅O and C₅H₄O with oxygenated radicals is necessary. Overall, this work presents new reliable rate constants for the HO₂ + C₅H₅ reaction and provides indications for future investigations of relevant reactions in the sub-mechanisms of cyclopentadiene and MAH oxidation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 695-703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strongly reduced optical absorption efficiency of soot with addition of potassium chloride in sooting premixed flames","authors":"Manu Mannazhi ,&nbsp;Saga Bergqvist ,&nbsp;Sandra Török ,&nbsp;Daniel Madsen ,&nbsp;Pál Tóth ,&nbsp;Kim Cuong Le ,&nbsp;Per-Erik Bengtsson","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optical properties of soot have been investigated with and without potassium chloride (KCl) salt added to the soot formation process in a premixed ethylene/air flame. A strong decrease in optical absorption efficiency of the soot was observed with increasing amounts of KCl added to the fuel based on the method of fluence curve analysis using laser-induced incandescence (LII). To understand the reason for this major change in absorption efficiency, probe sampling and subsequent structural analysis were performed using Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Raman spectra indicated no significant difference between the nanostructure of soot from the two main cases; a reference case without addition of salt, and a case with addition of ∼600 ppm K. In the case of K addition, HRTEM showed slightly less compact nanostructure signified by somewhat shorter interlayer spacing, and significantly different polar ordering of carbon lamellae indicating smaller primary particles, thereby supporting previous TEM studies on soot sampled from the same flames showing smaller soot particle sizes with KCl addition. The impact on soot absorption properties from the observed differences is discussed. It is speculated that the main cause for the lower absorption with K addition is a quantum confinement effect due to reduction in soot particle size.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 867-876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on co-firing characteristics of ammonia with pulverized coal in a staged combustion drop tube furnace","authors":"Jiaxin Tan,&nbsp;Yong He,&nbsp;Runfan Zhu,&nbsp;Yanqun Zhu,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Utilizing ammonia as a co-firing fuel to replace amounts of fossil fuel seems a feasible solution to reduce carbon emissions in existing pulverized coal-fired power plants. However, there are some problems needed to be considered when treating ammonia as a fuel, such as low flame stability, low combustion efficiency, and high NO_x<span><span> emission. In this study, the co-firing characteristics of ammonia with pulverized coal are studied in a </span>drop tube furnace with staged combustion strategy. Results showed that staged combustion would play a key role in reducing NO</span>_x emissions by reducing the production of char-NO_x and fuel(NH₃)-NO_x<span> simultaneously. Furthermore, the effects of different ammonia co-firing methods on the flue gas properties and unburned carbon contents were compared to achieve both efficient combustion and low NO</span>_x emission. It was found that when ammonia was injected into 300 mm downstream under the condition of 20% co-firing, lower NO_x<span> emission and unburnt carbon content than those of pure coal combustion can be achieved. This is probably caused by a combined effect of a high local equivalence ratio of NH</span>₃/air and the prominent denitration effect of NH₃ in the vicinity of the NH₃ downstream injection location. In addition, NO_x emissions can be kept at approximately the same level as coal combustion when the co-firing ratio is below 30%. And the influence of reaction temperature on NO_x emissions is closely associated with the denitration efficiency of the NH₃<span>. Almost no ammonia slip has been detected for any injection methods and co-firing ratio in the studied conditions. Thus, it can be confirmed that ammonia can be used as an alternative fuel to realize CO</span>₂<span> reduction without extensive retrofitting works. And the NO</span>_x emission can be reduced by producing a locally NH₃ flame zone with a high equivalence ratio as well as ensuring adequate residence time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"39 3","pages":"Pages 3217-3225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3461275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}