Proceedings of the Combustion Institute最新文献

{"title":"Modeling uncertainties in primary zone soot predictions for a rich-quench-lean combustion system","authors":"Shubham Basavaraj Karpe,&nbsp;Suresh Menon","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive uncertainty quantification (UQ) of soot volume fraction (SVF) predictions in the primary zone of a Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) combustor is presented, with particular emphasis on the modeling uncertainties in the rates of nucleation, growth, oxidation, condensation, and coagulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) of soot formation in a realistic single-sector RQL combustor are first performed, and the local thermochemical data, along with the volumes of the zones containing the respective finite volume cells, are then used to construct a chemical reactor network (CRN) model. The CRN model, coupled with the UQ tool DAKOTA, is used to conduct forward UQ, sensitivity analysis, and inverse UQ. The forward UQ indicates variability ranging from 28 % to 89% around the mean soot prediction, depending on the location within the combustor. The local and global sensitivity analyses highlight the contributions of nucleation and condensation processes near the fuel injection zone, while growth and oxidation processes predominantly influence soot predictions in the primary zone. Since the baseline model underpredicts soot compared to experimental measurements, a Bayesian inference-based inverse UQ analysis is performed to identify sensitive input rate uncertainties that can improve the quantitative agreement with experimental soot levels. Thus, the overall strategy identifies the most influential aspects of the soot model, their relevant sensitivity to local zones within the combustor, and further refinements to the baseline rates that can provide valuable insights for future model developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105805"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic temperature error in RCARS diagnostics from improper Raman linewidths","authors":"Jonas I. Hölzer ,&nbsp;Henry Misoi ,&nbsp;Thomas Seeger","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) stands as the standard for thermometry and major species detection and quantification in gas phase and combustion diagnostics. In recent years the database of empirical S-branch Raman linewidth for a variety of gases, gas mixtures and temperatures for rotational CARS spectroscopy has been significantly expanded. The Raman linewidths are of utmost importance for accurate extraction of thermodynamic information from the spectral information. However, unavailable correct linewidth data for rotational CARS evaluations are regularly substituted by approximated data for example by omission of the proper collisional environment or by using the vibrational Q-branch linewidth instead of the rotational S-branch linewidths. The resulting systematic errors by using incorrect linewidths have only been studied for a few selected cases which hint at a significant temperature error of up to 9 %. In this work we show a clear picture of the temperature and concentration errors resulting from incorrect linewidth data by evaluating the influence of S- vs. Q-branch linewidths in pure oxygen and self-broadening vs. accurate collisional environment in air and nitrogen-water vapor mixtures. The data show that the evaluated temperature is systematically too high by using Q-branch instead of S-branch linewidths in oxygen and nitrogen thermometry and a strong influence of the collisional environment on the temperature and species concentration determination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105842"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the pyrolysis chemistry of cyclopentanol for renewable biofuel applications through experimental and modeling approaches with synchrotron photoionization","authors":"Zhi-Min Wang ,&nbsp;Zi-Qiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Qian-Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Du Wang ,&nbsp;Ling-Nan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhi-Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Jie-Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Chen-Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hong Gui ,&nbsp;Zhan-Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pyrolysis of cyclopentanol (CPOH) at atmospheric pressure was studied in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR), and 20 intermediates and products were identified and quantified, including small olefins, aldehydes, ketones, and several aromatic species using synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS). A pyrolysis kinetics model involving 284 species and 1653 reactions was developed, providing reasonable predictions for the fuel consumption and pyrolytic products formation. Cyclopentene (C₅H₈), cyclopentadiene (C₅H₆), cyclopentadienyl radical (C₅H₅), and different positions of primary fuel radicals are the key intermediates in CPOH pyrolysis. Rate of production analysis shows that 90.0% CPOH is consumed by a water elimination reaction forming cyclopentene, then producing cyclopentadiene by the two-step dehydrogenation reaction. A significant amount of cyclopentadiene reacts with cyclopentadienyl radicals to produce various aromatic compounds, which explains the high mole fractions of aromatic species observed in CPOH pyrolysis. Sensitivity analysis shows that H-abstraction reactions of CPOH increase with the rising temperature, and <em>α</em>-site H-abstraction is the most favorable. The model was also validated ignition delay times and laminar burning velocity of CPOH, achieving reasonable predictions of the experimental data. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pyrolysis of CPOH and the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), providing a basis for further research on sustainable oxygenated biofuels and their applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105922"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of discrete injection on asymptotic and transient dynamics of rotating detonation engines","authors":"Trevor Kickliter ,&nbsp;Eli Young ,&nbsp;Vishal Acharya ,&nbsp;Tim Lieuwen","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) promise improved thermodynamic efficiency over traditional combustion engines, improved energy density, mechanical simplicity, and continuous operation. Nevertheless, several questions remain on how to optimize these devices. The injection system governs the dynamics of these systems through several, crucial mechanisms. These include the creation of a spatially varying reactant field and wave scattering off injectors. However, how these dynamics influence the number of detonations, presence of counter-propagating detonations, or other wave features is not well understood. This lack of understanding prevents the creation of general guidelines for designing the injection system. To address these obstacles, we studied a 2-dimensional “unwrapped” computational model of an RDE with simplified reaction kinetics and injector physics. The inlet consisted of equally spaced zones of constant mass flux (“injectors”) separated by isothermal walls. The number and area ratio of these injectors were varied over several individual simulations, and the impacts of these parameters were assessed. Results revealed that discrete injection introduces multiple physical processes – such as variable acoustic impedance, promotion of hot spots between injectors, and periodic de- and re-coupling of detonations – that increase the propensity for multiple detonations. Higher injector numbers and decreased area ratio tend to promote more detonations. Nevertheless, this relationship was non-monotonic, and further testing showed that additional wave modes besides those observed were stable. These wave modes appear to have definite, albeit topologically complex, basins of attraction — i.e., the system favors certain modes over others, but their link to the initial conditions is difficult to characterize. We therefore hypothesize that wave number is governed by the interplay between transient chaos during the initial transient and the new physics introduced by the injection system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105814"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique phase change behaviors of ammonia droplets under varying ambient water vapor concentrations and pressures: A molecular dynamics simulation study","authors":"Feilong Chen,&nbsp;Yanzhi Zhang,&nbsp;Xuehao Zhang,&nbsp;Ming Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the effect of polar water vapor on the phase change characteristics of ammonia droplets under varying ambient pressures. First, a new flexible potential model for ammonia was developed based on first-principles calculations. Then, the accuracy of this model in predicting the thermodynamic and transport properties of ammonia was extensively validated. Consequently, MD simulations using the new potential model were conducted to explore phase change behaviors of ammonia droplets under different ambient environments. The results reveal that both elevated ambient pressures and increased water vapor concentrations can promote the ammonia droplet evaporation. A unique phase change behavior of ammonia droplets in nitrogen/water environments was observed. Specifically, the polar water vapor dissolves and subsequently condenses within the ammonia droplet, thereby facilitating a transition from the ammonia-dominated evaporation to the water-dominated evaporation. Moreover, the dissolution and condensation become more intense at higher initial water vapor concentrations or pressures. Finally, the specific mechanisms by which water vapor enhances ammonia droplet evaporation were explored. During the dissolution and condensation process, water vapor releases latent heat and increases thermal conductivity, raising the droplet temperature. Additionally, water weakens the hydrogen bonding among ammonia molecules, thereby lowering the evaporation energy barrier. These findings provide essential insights into the phase change mechanisms of liquid ammonia and their dependence on ambient conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoacoustic instability in two acoustically coupled hydrogen-enriched combustors","authors":"Yu Liao ,&nbsp;Yuxin Lei ,&nbsp;Yongseok Choi ,&nbsp;Peijin Liu ,&nbsp;Kyu Tae Kim ,&nbsp;Yu Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the potential of tuning acoustic coupling to passively suppress thermoacoustic oscillations in lean-premixed hydrogen-enriched can-annular combustors. Our findings demonstrate that thermoacoustic oscillations in the coupled system can be suppressed by up to 90% compared to the decoupled self-excited baseline, achieved by deliberately mismatching the flame response and chamber acoustics. This mismatch is achieved through hydrogen enrichment and modifications to the acoustic coupling configurations and combustor geometry. As the hydrogen volume fraction increases, the flame preferentially responds to higher frequencies, while the overall “<span><math><mi>Π</mi></math></span>-shaped” acoustic chamber formed by coupling the two identical combustors via cross-talk (XT) sections favors lower acoustic eigenfrequencies, particularly for longer combustors or when XT sections are located further downstream. The amplitude and frequency of the dominant half-wave anti-phase longitudinal mode (i.e., a push-pull mode) are strongly influenced by this mismatch, and a regime of oscillation suppression emerges when the mismatch is maximized, specifically at the highest hydrogen volume fraction and the longest combustor length. The axial location of the most upstream XT defines the total effective length of the “<span><math><mi>Π</mi></math></span>-shaped” acoustic domain, whereas multiple XTs increase the effective acoustic interaction area between the combustors, thereby reducing acoustic resistance and enhancing coupling. This intensified coupling strengthens or triggers the push-pull mode, resulting in pronounced thermoacoustic oscillations and highlighting the importance of accounting for such effects when assessing the stability of individual combustors for integration into can-annular configurations. In summary, this study underscores the critical role of both flame response and acoustic coupling in governing thermoacoustic behavior and demonstrates that careful tailoring of these factors offers a simple yet effective passive strategy to suppress instabilities in hydrogen-enriched can-annular combustion systems, thereby supporting the development of cleaner and more stable heavy-duty gas turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105914"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume Title Page - Editor listing","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1540-7489(25)00204-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1540-7489(25)00204-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105990"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining fire spread dynamics in canyon terrain through physics-based modeling: Mechanisms of fire line rotation and non-local fire behavior","authors":"Karl Töpperwien ,&nbsp;Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Yi-Fan Chen ,&nbsp;Cenk Gazen ,&nbsp;John Anderson ,&nbsp;Matthias Ihme","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfire spread in complex terrain poses a major challenge for predictive modeling, as interactions between topography, wind, and combustion give rise to erratic fire behavior that caused fatalities among fire fighters. This study investigates the spread dynamics of a canyon fire exhibiting a characteristic fire line rotation, wherein the fire front progresses downslope along the canyon side-walls, perpendicular to the nominal wind direction. Using large-eddy simulations with a physics-based mesoscale solver, we model coupled fire–atmosphere–terrain interactions over kilometer-scale domains to resolve the three-dimensional flow and combustion structures governing fire spread. We consider a canyon terrain and compare it against two simpler configurations: a sloped ramp and a flat surface. Analysis of fire arrival times reveals that, despite identical ridge slopes, the canyon induces distinctly different spread behavior, resulting in oblique propagation along the canyon side-walls and intermittent progression in the valley. A detailed examination of flow field quantities attributes these phenomena to terrain-induced wind/slope misalignment and localized vorticity amplification, which persists after fire front passage and promotes extreme fire behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the fire rate of spread in complex terrain is inherently non-local: individual sections of the fire line are influenced by neighboring segments, transient flow structures, and topographic features. Overall, our findings highlight the critical role of topography in modulating fire dynamics and provide physical insights into the mechanisms driving extreme fire behavior in canyon-like environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105802"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined experimental and numerical investigation focusing on the effects of CH3 substituent on the PAH chemistry in the pyrolysis of cyclopentane and methylcyclopentane","authors":"Qian-Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Du Wang ,&nbsp;Ling-Nan Wu ,&nbsp;Jiu-Jie Kuang ,&nbsp;Qing-Bo Zhu ,&nbsp;Shu-Yao Chen ,&nbsp;Xiang Gao ,&nbsp;Cheng-Yin Ye ,&nbsp;Zhan-Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Marina Braun-Unkhoff ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combustion behavior of cycloalkanes has long fascinated researchers because their cyclic unique structural properties may significantly influence their reactivity and combustion kinetics. In order to achieve a better understanding of the kinetics of cycloalkanes during intermediate to high temperature combustion chemistry, the pyrolysis of cyclopentane (CP) and methylcyclopentane (MCP) was studied in a jet-stirred reactor (869–1210 K, 1 atm) to explore the impact of methyl substituents on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation and combustion kinetics. Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) identified monocyclic to polycyclic aromatics, including acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. A newly developed kinetic model, validated against experimental data, revealed distinct decomposition behaviors: MCP exhibited lower initial decomposition temperatures and faster formation of C1–C4 hydrocarbons and aromatics compared to CP. This is attributed to the methyl group’s lower energy barrier, enhancing MCP’s reactivity. While CP pyrolysis generated higher concentrations of 1,3-cyclopentadiene and resonance-stabilized C5 cyclic radicals, these intermediates did not notably elevate PAH levels. In contrast, MCP’s methyl side chain promoted earlier fuel breakdown and accelerated PAH/soot precursor formation via enhanced radical production and alkylation pathways. These findings highlight that methyl substitution in cycloalkanes lowers thermal stability, accelerates decomposition, and amplifies aromatic growth, emphasizing structural effects on combustion chemistry and pollutant formation. The study provides critical insights into fuel design and emission control strategies for cyclic hydrocarbons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosecond pulsed discharges for reliable ignition of ultra-lean hydrogen-air mixtures","authors":"Galia Faingold,&nbsp;Leander Krieg,&nbsp;Francis Pagaud,&nbsp;Quentin Malé,&nbsp;Nicolas Noiray","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safe ignition and stabilization of ultra-lean hydrogen-air mixtures remain a critical challenge for enabling low-emission hydrogen combustion in gas turbines. This study investigates nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges for reliable ignition under conditions relevant to lean-premixed hydrogen operation. Experiments were conducted in a modular combustion rig, where the influence of plasma parameters – including pulse energy, pulse repetition frequency, and pulse number – on ignition and flame kernel development was systematically explored. High-speed OH<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> chemiluminescence imaging tracked ignition kernel formation and propagation, while optical emission spectroscopy provided characterization of the plasma properties. For equivalence ratios of <span><math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, successful ignition is mostly a function of pulse energy, more than pulse number, with a clear transition from non-ignition to reliable ignition observed above a critical energy threshold. This transition coincides with the change from glow to spark regime. Rather than showing a probabilistic ignition behavior, ignition occurs reliably in the spark regime, and fails at the transition to glow. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements of gas and vibrational temperatures indicate that this shift coincides with an increased production of radicals rather than vibrational excitation, which are more effective in enhancing ignition. For equivalence ratios of <span><math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>086</mn></mrow></math></span> and 0.1, kernels were created but did not expand in the flowing mixture, and the interaction between pulses — pulse number and repetition frequency became critical. At these ultra-lean conditions, these interactions enable the formation of larger ignition kernels that are less prone to extinction. These findings demonstrate that nanosecond repetitively pulsed based plasma-assisted ignition can significantly extend the ignition limits of lean hydrogen mixtures, offering a promising pathway for stabilizing ultra-lean hydrogen combustion with minimized NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions. Moreover, the ability to reliably ignite ultra-lean mixtures is highly relevant for hydrogen internal combustion engines, where consistent ignition at low equivalence ratios is crucial to reducing cycle-to-cycle variability and improving efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 105840"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}