Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija最新文献

{"title":"LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS KARIUOMENĖS KASDIENINIO GYVENIMO STANDARTAI 1764–1788 M.","authors":"Valdas Rakutis","doi":"10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A8","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses ordinary life of the Armed Forces of the Grand Duchy of\u0000Lithuania in the period between the beginning of the rule by the King of Poland\u0000and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski, and until the\u0000reforms by the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792). In the period of interest it was a small\u0000(up to 4,000 soldiers), independent army, made up from national contractors,\u0000mostly cavalry detachments, the main unit being a flag of 30–100 soldiers, and the\u0000so-called foreign contractors (cavalry, infantry and artillery), the main unit being\u0000a company of 60–100 soldiers. In 1775–1777, division by contractors’ ethnicity\u0000was replaced with the territorial divisions. The main changes took place in the\u0000national cavalry, where two equally sized brigades of hussars and petyhorcy were\u0000created, whereas majority of foreign contractors were reorganized into infantry.\u0000Peace-time armed forces was an important factor for the Lithuanian public,\u0000the ruling elite and the local communities. Army was not a tool for use in large\u0000international politics, it was more of a current order preserving instrument. Army\u0000supply system was based on the independent economic unit, governed by the unit\u0000commander. Attempts by the Lithuanian Military Commission to impose greater\u0000control gave insignificant results, although the reforms of 1775–1775 were able\u0000to strengthen control of the treasury and procedures, making relationships more\u0000visible and transparent, and the actual composition of the armed forces was very\u0000close to the theoretical provisions. The economic weakness of the nation after the\u0000First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and lack of correlation\u0000between recovery of the treasury and army financing put bridles on the army,\u0000preventing it from development and change. In spite of all 1764–1788 reforms,\u0000the Lithuanian armed forces remained a stagnating institution, where routine and\u0000established traditions dominated over novelty and change.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Armed Forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ordinary army life,\u0000rule of Stanisław Poniatowski, Military Commission, Military Department of the\u0000Permanent Council.","PeriodicalId":407662,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125586418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TARP DVIEJŲ KOLONŲ: XVIII A. PABAIGOS – XIX A. PRADŽIOS VILNIAUS MASONŲ KASDIENYBĖ SIMBOLIKOJE","authors":"Daiva Milinkevičiūtė","doi":"10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A6","url":null,"abstract":"The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of\u0000progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a\u0000golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian\u0000ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes\u0000and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of\u0000freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible\u0000instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other,\u0000intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve\u0000themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces\u0000its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the\u0000Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also\u0000symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular\u0000world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals.\u0000The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects\u0000through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to\u0000freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of\u0000universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics\u0000of lodges.\u0000Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea\u0000of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and\u0000meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find\u0000a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its\u0000impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.","PeriodicalId":407662,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130390868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MERKINĖS SENIŪNO MATO OGINSKIO KASDIENYBĖ: ŪKINIŲ IR TEISMINIŲ REIKALŲ VERPETUOSE","authors":"Adam Stankevič","doi":"10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A4","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses some episodes from biography and the daily life of elder of\u0000Merkinė, vogt and colonel of a petyhorcy unit of the armed forces of the Grand\u0000Duchy of Lithuania Mateusz Ogiński (1738–1786). On the basis of the documents\u0000preserved in the Ogiński foundation of the Lithuanian State history archive\u0000(F. 1177), the article argues that Mateusz Ogiński was mainly occupied with the\u0000maintenance of his properties and litigation in courts, not actually seeking any\u0000political or public career. He personally issued directions to the stewards of his\u0000properties and controlled execution of his orders. Somewhere close to the First\u0000Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772) he was known for the\u0000detailed regulation of his economic activities. He put effort to concentrate in his\u0000hands some real estate (by buying plots and houses in Merkinė), invested and\u0000developed various businesses (renting a windmill and a pub, operating a coffee\u0000shop, building a sawmill and a brickyard, fishing, shipping timber to Konigsberg,\u0000renovating Merkinė’s town hall, etc.). Later M. Ogiński was often renting out his\u0000properties to other individuals, but that had a negative influence on his possessions.\u0000Lifestyle that disregarded the income made M. Ogiński drown in debt early,\u0000and he entered a loop of having to start borrowing to pay debts. Elder of Merkinė\u0000Ogiński would borrow and spend large sums of money to make purchases of various\u0000items of luxury abroad and in Lithuania (clothes, jewellery, alcohol, species,\u0000fruits, etc.), and to maintain his manor and even a folk music group. M. Ogiński\u0000litigated in many Lithuanian courts and, judging from his letters (and quite many\u0000of them survived), he would have inhabited these litigation processes, taking\u0000interest in legal nuances and using different opportunities to influence court\u0000processes to his advantage (making acquaintance with judges, looking for third\u0000party interceders, writing letters to judges, and personally participating in court\u0000proceedings). Most common lawsuits against him were about unpaid debts, yet\u0000his own claims were against stewards of his properties, and real estate rights.\u0000\u0000Keywords: eldership of Merkinė, the Ogiński, daily routine, economics, courts.","PeriodicalId":407662,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija","volume":"14 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131672735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"РЕФОРМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДА ВЫСОКОЕ (БРЕСТСКОЕ ВОЕВОДСТВО) 1794 ГОДА","authors":"Довнар Aлександр","doi":"10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A15","url":null,"abstract":"Straipsnyje, remiantis 1794 m. priimtomis ordinacijomis (instrukcijomis), analizuojamas\u0000Bresto vaivadijos Lietuvos Aukštojo (Vysokaje) miesto valdymas ir šio\u0000miesto žydų kahalo savivaldos organizacija. Parodoma, kad 1794 m. mieste buvo\u0000įvestos originalios miestiečių krikščionių ir žydų savivaldos sistemos, atskleidžiama\u0000savivaldos institucijų rinkimo ir jų funkcionavimo tvarka, nustatoma, kad\u0000miesto ir kahalo valdymo instrukcijų parengimą ir jų priėmimą lėmė savininko\u0000siekiai atkurti ekonominį miesto pajėgumą bei sudaryti kuo palankesnes sąlygas\u0000dinamiškai miesto plėtrai. Didelės įtakos instrukcijoms parengti ir priimti turėjo\u0000XVIII a. 9–10-ojo dešimtmečių Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teisėkūra. 1794 m.\u0000ordinacijos buvo Miestų įstatymų, priimtų 1791 ir 1793 m. seimuose, adaptacija.\u0000Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuvos Aukštojas buvo privatus miestas, jo savivaldos\u0000organizacinėje struktūroje svarbų vaidmenį išlaikė dvaro institutas. Tačiau\u0000miestiečiams buvo suteikta teisė rinkti pagrindinius miesto pareigūnus. Pagrindiniu\u0000administraciniu ir teismo organu tapo dvaro kontroliuojamas Aukštojo\u0000magistratas. Jis turėjo teisę rinkti antraeilius miesto tarnautojus. Tiek magistrato,\u0000tiek ir kahalo kasdieninėje veikloje ypač daug dėmesio buvo skiriama miestiečių\u0000gyvenimo sąlygoms gerinti ir saugumui mieste užtikrinti.\u0000Kaip ir ordinacijos, skirtos krikščioniškajai miesto bendruomenei, taip ir\u00001794 m. priimtos žydų kahalo ordinacijos pagrindinis tikslas buvo ne tik naujais\u0000principas perorganizuoti kahalo savivaldą, bet ir pajungti jį dvaro kontrolei.\u0000Straipsnio priede skelbiamos abiejų instrukcijų publikacijos originalo\u0000(lenkų) kalba.\u0000\u0000\u0000Reikšminiai žodžiai: miestas, Lietuvos Aukštojas (Vysokaje), Bresto vaivadija,\u0000Pranciškus Sapiega, miestiečiai, žydai, savivalda, magistratas, kahalas, šaltinio\u0000publikacija.","PeriodicalId":407662,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129864083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ETIKETAS IR BUITIS REFORMUOTOJE XVIII A. ANTROSIOS PUSĖS LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS PIJORŲ EDUKACIJOJE: LYGINAMASIS TYRIMAS","authors":"Asta Vaškelienė","doi":"10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33918/XVIIIASTUDIJOS/T.4/A3","url":null,"abstract":"The Regulation of the Lithuanian Piarists for provincial education Methodus docendi\u0000pro Scholis Piis provinciae Litvaniae (Vilnius, 1762) should be considered as\u0000the main document showing the changes in education of the Enlightenment era,\u0000announced prior to the establishment of the Board of Education, a secular institution\u0000of education. That is an important source of the Lithuanian science history\u0000of the 18th century, opening a relevant contextual panorama of cultural processes,\u0000illustrating the intersection of the values of the Baroque and the Enlightenment.\u0000The study Methodus docendi pro Scholis Piis provinciae Litvaniae deals with\u0000the specifics of daily routines which shows obvious following of Ordinationes\u0000Visitationis Apostolicae (Warsaw, 1753 [1754]–1755) prepared by Stanisław Konarski.\u0000As it can be noticed, many of the aspects of the school routine (such as\u0000the necessity to start lessons in time and not waste the time for frivolous talking,\u0000relationship between the students and teachers, personal hygiene, proper physical\u0000condition, behaviour of students at school and outside it) in the Regulations for\u0000provinces of Lithuania are defined much more laconically. The attitude to go ad\u0000rem was determined by the goal to have a document with the scope and precise\u0000presentation of the subject which could be smoothly used in daily practice. On the\u0000other hand, the differences, such as elimination of the paragraph on temperance\u0000(not mentioning the whole chapter), shows that the Lithuanian adaptation was\u0000not word-for-word (or mind) following and that only the issues that were really\u0000significant for the developers were taken over. The actualisation of the daily posture\u0000shows the efforts of the Piarists monkhood to respond to the changes of the\u0000time, to implement the principles of education covering the overall upbringing\u0000of a person.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Piarists, etiquette, household routine, teacher, student, drinking,\u0000Enlightenment, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the 18th century).","PeriodicalId":407662,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129894113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}