Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0017
G. Marco, Thomas Douglas
{"title":"Technology to Prevent Criminal Behaviour","authors":"G. Marco, Thomas Douglas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the use of technology to solve social problems such as crime. Starting with a type of education programme that few would find problematic, it details step-by-step a range of interventions that might be offered to rehabilitate offenders. These interventions include a device that not only gives a signal when it detects a precursor of the urge for criminal behaviour, but also releases a drug that is reliably effective at neutralizing these urges. The chapter then presents a view according to which, if we accept the education programme, then we ought to accept all of the other technological interventions. This would mean accepting a greatly expanded role for technology in our criminal justice systems, compared to what we see at present.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122428782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0007
Seumas Miller
{"title":"Predictive Policing","authors":"Seumas Miller","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses predictive policing, which is a term that refers to a range of crime-fighting approaches that use crime mapping data and analysis, and, more recently, social network analysis, big data, and predictive algorithms. The rise of predictive policing, especially in many police jurisdictions in large cities in the USA, has raised the spectre of the surveillance society in which citizens can be arrested by police for crimes they have not yet committed on the basis of evidence that they will commit them. Speaking generally, predictive policing faces several problems. Some of these are problems for predictive policing even in its own terms of contributing to crime reduction. Others are moral problems, about whether predictive policing violates moral rights or is unjust. These two types of problems are interconnected. Ultimately, the expanding use of biometric facial recognition databases and other emerging technologies in law enforcement as part of predictive policing should be clearly and demonstrably justified in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in the service of specific law enforcement purposes rather than by general appeals to community security or safety. Moreover, it should comply with moral principles constitutive of liberal democracy, such as the principle that individuals have a moral right to freedom from state interference absent prior evidence of violation of its laws.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122014712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0014
S. Clarke
{"title":"Conspiracy Theories?","authors":"S. Clarke","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines what, if anything, governments in Western liberal democratic societies should do to reduce rates of acceptance of unwarranted conspiracy theories. It begins by addressing three concerns. One is that it is unclear what counts as a conspiracy theory. A second is that it might be supposed that the acceptance of unwarranted conspiracy theories is not harmful. And if the acceptance of unwarranted conspiracy theories is not harmful then it is unclear why governments should be trying to reduce their rates of acceptance. A third concern is that it is unclear that we should be encouraging governments to undertake the project of reducing the popularity of unwarranted conspiracy theories, given that sometimes governments themselves have been known to mislead us about conspiracy theories. The chapter then looks at short-term and long-term strategies to reduce the popularity of unwarranted conspiracy theories. Long-term strategies include promoting critical reasoning skills through schooling and other forms of public education; promoting knowledge of the media and how it works; and making government operations more transparent and accountable.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134246384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0023
Francesca Minerva
{"title":"Should We Freeze Our Bodies for Future Resuscitation?","authors":"Francesca Minerva","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the ethical implications of cryopreservation. Cryopreservation is usually performed soon after the heart has stopped beating, and after the individual has been pronounced legally dead. A few hundred people in the world had been “cryopreserved” — that is, fully immerged in liquid nitrogen at -196 C — in the hope that science will eventually discover a therapy for the disease that has killed them, and that future technology will succeed in bringing them back to life. Understandably, the root of many objections to cryonics seem to be its perceived weirdness. Another major objection to cryonics is that it is a waste of money, or a scam, i.e. a way to make money by promising dying people something that cannot possibly be achieved. The chapter then considers the concepts of human mortality and immortality.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121687377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0005
Rebecca Roache
{"title":"The Future of Friendship","authors":"Rebecca Roache","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the future of friendship, arguing that there is no reason to believe that the future of friendship will be fundamentally different from how friendship has been in the past. Despite cross-cultural differences, Dunbar’s Number remains constant and people with different friendship styles enjoy roughly the same health and emotional benefits from their friendships. Barring drastic change, it is likely that the future of friendship is not going to be markedly different from the past and the present of friendship. On closer examination, the sorts of things that are commonly viewed as threats to friendship — like social media and echo chambers — turn out to be less ominous. Time constraints, established social norms, and personal and cultural preferences are likely to apply brakes to the speed at which friendship transforms over time.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122126381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0021
J. Pugh
{"title":"Brain Stimulation and Identity","authors":"J. Pugh","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reflects on the impact of brain stimulation on identity. Following substantial advances in our understanding of the brain, surgeons and neuroscientists have been able to develop powerful new medical interventions that aim to treat disease by modifying electrical activity in the brain. At present, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is the most precise tool that we have at our disposal in this regard; it can target a cubic millimeter of brain tissue. In terms of precision, it stands in stark contrast to drugs that influence brain activity by affecting neurotransmitters across the brain. However, despite its precision, in some rare cases, DBS can have unintended side-effects, including behavioural and emotional changes. The possibility of controlling motivational and emotional states has intrigued scientists since the earliest days of invasive neurostimulation. This prospect raises profound ethical questions, regardless of whether such changes are intentional or an unintended side-effect of treatment. To what extent does it make sense to say that a medical intervention like DBS can change the recipient into “a different person”? The chapter then turns to concepts in moral philosophy, considering the nature of identity and the self.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117124763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0009
J. Danaher
{"title":"Robots and the Future of Retribution","authors":"J. Danaher","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies the future of retribution and, in particular, the role that robots will play in shaping that future. It begins by describing the Bouphonia ritual, which speaks to two important features of the human condition: the enduring significance of practices of blame and punishment in human life, and the occasional absurdity of this desire. What happens when robots — or other sophisticated artificially intelligent (AI) machines — get embedded in our societies and have a part to play in criminal acts? Should they, like the knife in the Bouphonia ritual, be blamed for their contribution? Or should something else happen, something a little more radical? The chapter makes the case for radicalism. In particular, it suggests that the rise of the robots should lead us to reconsider the wisdom of our traditional practices of punishment and blame.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123229739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0022
M. Graham
{"title":"What Is Death?","authors":"M. Graham","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how the line between life and death has been blurred by advances in science and technology. For much of human history, determining death was a straightforward process. When illness or injury caused the irreversible loss of heart, lung, or brain function, their mutual interdependence meant that the other vital functions would inevitably cease within a matter of minutes. A physician could declare a patient dead simply by showing the absence of a heartbeat, breathing, or reaction of the eye to light. The introduction of new medical procedures in the 1950s, including mechanical ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), meant that a person whose heart had stopped beating, or lungs had stopped breathing, could be kept alive. These patients presented a problem for the traditional understanding of death because they had irreversibly lost some vital functions, but not others. To understand the nature of human death, one must begin by defining the concept: what is it for any living thing to die? Having answered this metaphysical question, one can move to an epistemological one: what is the appropriate standard for judging that something has met the definition of death? Finally, one requires criteria and tests to affirm that the epistemological standard has been met: when can we confidently say that someone is dead?","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132797797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future MoralityPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0008
A. Kerasidou, X. Kerasidou
{"title":"AI in Medicine","authors":"A. Kerasidou, X. Kerasidou","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862086.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the use of artificial intelligence in medicine. AI promises major benefits for healthcare. But along with the benefits come risks. Not so much the risk of powerful super-intelligent machines taking over, but the risk of structural injustices, biases, and inequalities being perpetuated in a system that cannot be challenged because nobody actually knows how the algorithms work. Or the risk that there might be no doctor or nurse present to hold your hand and reassure you when you are at your most vulnerable. There are many initiatives to come up with ethical or trustworthy AI and these efforts are important. Yet we should demand more than this. Technological solutionism and the urge to “move fast and break things” often dominate the tech industry but are inappropriate for the healthcare context and incompatible with basic healthcare values of empathy, solidarity, and trust.","PeriodicalId":407597,"journal":{"name":"Future Morality","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130787881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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