Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems最新文献

{"title":"Mental representations of programs by novices and experts","authors":"V. Fix, S. Wiedenbeck, J. Scholtz","doi":"10.1145/169059.169088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169088","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices’ representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126310207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orienteering in an information landscape: how information seekers get from here to there","authors":"Vicki L. O'Day, R. Jeffries","doi":"10.1145/169059.169365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169365","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the uses of information search results by regular clients of professional intermediaries. The clients in our study engaged in three different types of searches: (1) monitoring a well-known topic or set of variables over time, (2) following an information-gathering plan suggested by a typical approach to the task at hand, and (3) exploring a topic in an undirected fashion. In most cases, a single search evolved into a series of interconnected searches, usually beginning with a high-level overview. We identified a set of common triggers and stop conditions for further search steps. We also observed a set of common operations that clients used to analyze search results. In some settings, the number of search iterations was reduced by restructuring the work done by intermediaries. We discuss the implications of the interconnected search pattern, triggers and stop conditions, common analysis techniques, and intermediary roles for the design of information access systems.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131532295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microcosm (abstract): an open hypermedia system","authors":"H. Davis, W. Hall, A. Pickering, R. Wilkins","doi":"10.1145/169059.169520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169520","url":null,"abstract":"Microcosm is an open hypermedia system within which it is possible to make and follow links from one multimedia document to another. The open nature of the system gives rise to a number of difficult user interface issues which are demonstrated in the video. The system consists of a number of viewers which allow the user to view and interact with many different formats of information. The viewers communicate with Microcosm which then sends messages through a filter chain. Each filter has the opportunity to respond to the messages by processing them, passing them on or blocking them. Important filters are the link databases or linkbases which are able to respond by finding links to other information. In Microcosm documents are not marked up internally: instead the link data is held in these separate linkbases, and the viewers communicate with the linkbases to find what buttons and links exist. The video shows how Microcosm works in practice with two applications. The first is a package used for teaching cell biology and the second is a set of multimedia documents concerned with Yugoslavia during the second world war, which is used by history students as a study resource. Some features that are emphasised in this video areas follows: Microcosm allows a spectrum of link types. At one end of this spectrum are specific links or buttons which are manually authored links from a source point to a destination point. Much author effort is required to create such links and then they will tend to impose a particular view point that was intended by the author, but may not be the information required by the reader. Generic links are links that have a fixed destination, but which may be followed from any point in any document where the appropriate object (such as a specific text selection) occurs. These still impose some view intended by the author, but the information tends to be more Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is grantad provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notica is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing 526 general in nature and each link need only be made once, rather than at every occurrence in every source document. As can be seen in the video, one of the key interface issues is whether users require sottme points for generic links to be highlighted (in the same way as buttons). The procedure required to implement this is very processor intensive and a compromise is currently achieved via a “show link” facility which is invoked at the users request. At the other end of the spectrum are computed links. These links are generated dymmically at run time using information retrieval techniques, and allow the author or user powerful tools, fully integrated with the hypermedia interface with which to explore a system of text documents that may be otherwise unlinked. Such ","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131900964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer image retrieval by features: suspect identification","authors":"Eric S. Lee, T. Whalen","doi":"10.1145/169059.169435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169435","url":null,"abstract":"Correct suspect identification of known offenders by witnesses deteriorates rapidly as more are examined in mugshot albums. Feature approaches, where mugshots are displayed in order of similarity to witnesses' descriptions, attempt to increase identification success by reducing this number. A methodology is proposed for system design and evaluation based on experiments, computer simulations, and four classes of system performance measures: identification performance, retrieval rank, tolerance performance, and feature quality. This was used to develop a system for 640 mugshots of known offenders. In three empirical tests, over 90% of witness searches resulted in suspects retrieved in the first eight mugshots.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133847889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of earcons for use in auditory human-computer interfaces","authors":"S. Brewster, Peter C. Wright, A. Edwards","doi":"10.1145/169059.169179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169179","url":null,"abstract":"An evaluation of earcons was carried out to see whether they are an effective means of communicating information in sound. An initial experiment showed that earcons were better than unstructured bursts of sound and that musical timbres were more effective than simple tones. A second experiment was then carried out which improved upon some of the weaknesses shown up in Experiment 1 to give a significant improvement in recognition. From the results of these experiments some guidelines were drawn up for use in the creation of earcons. Earcons have been shown to be an effective method for communicating information in a human-computer interface.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134079955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems","authors":"J. Nielsen, T. Landauer","doi":"10.1145/169059.169166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169166","url":null,"abstract":"For 11 studies, we find that the detection of usability problems as a function of number of users tested or heuristic evaluators employed is well modeled as a Poisson process. The model can be used to plan the amount of evaluation required to achieve desired levels of thoroughness or benefits. Results of early tests can provide estimates of the number of problems left to be found and the number of additional evaluations needed to find a given fraction. With quantitative evaluation costs and detection values, the model can estimate the numbers of evaluations at which optimal cost/benefit ratios are obtained and at which marginal utility vanishes. For a “medium” example, we estimate that 16 evaluations would be worth their cost, with maximum benefit/cost ratio at four.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114614145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A telewriting system on a LAN using a pen-based computer as the terminal","authors":"S. Higaki, Hiroshi Taninaka, Shinji Moriya","doi":"10.1145/169059.169233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169233","url":null,"abstract":"The system we developed is software for implementing a “telewriting” terminal. Here, we propose a method for implementing this telewriting terminal as an application program running on pen-based computers. “Telewriting” is a technology in which the ink data (written with a pen on one terminal) is transmitted in real time to other terminals and displayed on their monitors. When this process is carried out between two terminals in both directions, two usem using telewnting terminals can mutually and simultaneously transmit and view visual information. If two usem can use a combination of this telewriting and telephone, they can send to and receive fl-om each other audio-visual information in real time. Consequently, two users can communicate smoothly without having to interrupt their flow of conversation. Already, there are some systems which can be used to conduct telewriting and othem called shared drawing tools. Examples are Displayphone (Bell Telephone Laboratory, U.S.A.), Scribophone (Philip& Holland), Sketchphone (NIT, Japan), MERMAID (NEC, Japan), Commune station (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, U.S.A.), etc. These systems are only used for conducting telewnting, or as multi-media communication systems in which telewriting is just a minor function, or as systems for studying cooperative work in distributed environment. At present, none of these systems is being widely used. We presume that the two reasons why these systems have not enjoyed widespread are, these terminals are expensive and also because of the minimal opportunities for using them. We think that, in order to make telewnting more widespread, it (i.e. telewriting) should be developed and implemented as one of the application programs for pen-based computers. We believe that our research is significant because it proposes a method for implementing a telewriting system and also shows how a pm-based computer can be used as a tool towards the realization of such a system. The telewriting system we developed can be used by connecting the terminal (pen-based computer) to LAN (Ethernet). At present, we are testing our system on the LAN in Tokyo Denki University. Also, we are using the telephone (within our university) in combination with","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114168126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible, active support for collaboration with ConversationBuilder","authors":"S. Kaplan, William J. Tolone, D. Bogia, Ted Phelps","doi":"10.1145/169059.169199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169199","url":null,"abstract":"We overview the ConversationBuilcfer system and its demonstration at INTERCHI 93.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114598535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost structure of sensemaking","authors":"D. Russell, M. Stefik, P. Pirolli, S. Card","doi":"10.1145/169059.169209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169209","url":null,"abstract":"Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval. We analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems.","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125004083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMAGINE: a vision of health care in 1997","authors":"Steve Anderson, S. Kobara, Barry Mathis, Eviatar Shafrir","doi":"10.1145/169059.280187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.280187","url":null,"abstract":"IMAGINE is a vision of health care in the year 1997 augmented by a variety of integrated information technologies. The film is not a literal prediction, but rather a projection of where current technologies are headed and what changes they will produce in the fields of medical diagnosis, patient care and hospital administration. Though produced at Hewlett-Packard, IMAGINE represents the capabilities of many companies and is a demonstration of open systems and their integration. The film’s three scenarios highlight a range of situations. All pose problems in patient treatment or cost control, and in each it is information, delivered when and where it’s needed, that provides the solutions. All of the medical procedures, information presentations, and interaction techniques were reviewed by experts in the fields concerned. Cardiologists, neurologists, pathologists, nurses and administrators provided abundant critical review to ensure accuracy. While this process was time consuming for such a fast paced film, it was felt to be essential for acceptance by the medical community. TECHNOLOGIES SHOWN . . .","PeriodicalId":407219,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130223072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}