{"title":"Respiratory therapy techniques","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses respiratory therapy techniques and includes discussion on oxygen therapy, discussion of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and description of ventilators, modes of ventilation, adjusting the ventilator, barotrauma, and weaning techniques. The chapter also discusses high-frequency ventilation, airway pressure release ventilation, as well as positive end-respiratory pressure, continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, recruitment manoeuvres, prone position ventilation, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cricothyroidotomy, tracheostomy, aftercare of the patient with a tracheostomy, chest drain insertion, pleural aspiration, flexible bronchoscopy, chest physiotherapy, humidification, and heart–lung interactions.","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122778006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neurological drugs","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses neurological drugs and includes discussion on opioid and non-opioid analgesics in the intensive care unit (ICU; describing usage of opioid analgesics and non-opioid analgesics), sedation management in the ICU (including sedative agents), muscle relaxants (discussing physiology, depolarizing blockers, non-depolarizing blockers, the suxamethonium versus rocuronium debate, clinical use of prolonged muscular blockade, monitoring, problems, and complications), antiepileptic drugs (first-, second-, third-line drugs), neuroprotective agents (pharmacological neuroprotection and hypothermia), and mannitol and hypertonic saline. It aims to provide a summary of neurological and neuromuscular drugs commonly used in the ICU, although it is not exhaustive. Owing to variations in formulations and bioequivalence, drug doses should always be checked against local protocols before being administered to patients.","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114487939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Respiratory drugs","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses respiratory drugs and includes discussion on bronchodilators (describing β2-agonists, anticholinergic agents, and xanthine derivatives), nitric oxide (history, biochemistry, clinical use of inhaled nitric oxide, administration of inhaled nitric oxide, adverse effects of inhaled nitric oxide, and adjunctive therapies), mucolytics (properties of mucus, types of mucolytics, clinical applications, and side-effects), and helium–oxygen gas mixtures (including nomenclature, rationale, indications, expected effects, presentation, face mask administration, nebulization, patient monitoring during therapy, stopping helium–oxygen therapy, indications for helium–oxygen mask ventilation, indications for helium–oxygen intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) via endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, patient monitoring during IPPV therapy, stopping helium–oxygen therapy, and published trials).","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114327496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pain and postoperative intensive care","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses pain and postoperative intensive care and includes discussion on pain management in the intensive care unit (ICU; including the causes and incidence of pain in the ICU, adverse effects of pain, assessment of pain in the ICU, and methods of pain relief in the ICU) and intensive care for the high-risk surgical patient (throughout the whole process). The chapter also covers the acute surgical abdomen in the ICU (and the complications thereof) and the medical patient with surgical problems (such as ischaemia of the bowel, acalculous cholecystitis, gallstone ileus, intra-abdominal hypertension, and soft-tissue infections).","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infection and inflammation","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses infection and inflammation and includes discussion on the general principles of infection control (involving discussion on ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary catheters, antimicrobial stewardship and resistance, and prevention of transmission of infection), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; HIV testing in the critical care setting, antiretroviral therapy in the critically ill patient, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, and toxoplasmosis encephalitis), severe falciparum malaria, vasculitides in the intensive care unit, source control (prophylaxis, antibiotics, abscess, necrotic tissue, and infected foreign body), selective decontamination of the digestive tract (including discussion on theory, potential pathogenic microorganisms, and typical protocol), markers of infection, and adrenal insufficiency and sepsis.","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132540221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tissue perfusion monitoring","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198723561.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, the haemodynamic management of critically ill patients is moving from the stabilization of microcirculatory parameters (such as arterial pressure, heart rate, or cardiac output) to resaturation and maintenance of tissue perfusion parameters. This change of paradigm is necessary as we now know that normalization of microcirculatory parameters does not necessarily mean normal tissue perfusion. For that reason, in this edition we include a chapter dedicated to tissue perfusion monitoring. This includes discussion on mixed venous oxygen saturation (including physiology, equivalence of mixed venous oxygen saturation and central venous oxygen saturation, interpretation, and use as a therapeutic or prognostic target), pCO2 arterial-venous gap (physiology, interpretation, and use as therapeutic target), lactate concentration (metabolism of glucose to lactate, lactate and shock, parameters of tissue hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia, persistent hyperlactataemia, and practical approach), and the videoscopy of microcirculation (describing a definition and physiological background, haemodynamic coherence, techniques and technologies, and clinical applications).","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115630264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Haematological disorders","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/1.1.med-9780198520771-div1-302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/1.1.med-9780198520771-div1-302","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses haematological disorders and includes discussion on bleeding disorders (including acquired bleeding disorders and inherited bleeding disorders), anaemia in critical care (including discussion on pathogenesis, consequences of anaemia, approach to the investigation of anaemia, classification of anaemia, measures to minimize blood loss in the intensive care unit [ICU], and erythropoietin). It also covers sickle cell anaemia (transfusion in sickle cell anaemia, including hyperhaemolysis, acute chest syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease), haemolysis (haemolytic conditions particularly relevant to critical care), disseminated intravascular coagulation, neutropenic sepsis (including persistent fever or inadequate clinical response, fungal infections, empirical antifungal therapy, viral infections, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and granulocytes for neutropenia). Finally, the chapter discusses haematological malignancies in the ICU (neutropenia and neutropenic sepsis, tumour lysis syndrome, hyperviscosity syndromes, hyperleukocytosis, haemorrhagic complications, haematopoietic stem cell transplant, graft versus host disease, and corticosteroids) and coagulation monitoring.","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130891266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrition","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses nutrition and includes discussion on enteral nutrition (including discussion on enteral nutrition versus parenteral nutrition, how to feed, what to feed, and complications), nutritional assessment and requirements (including the role of the multidisciplinary team, nutritional assessment, and nutritional requirements), and parenteral nutrition (including when to start, how to feed, what to feed, and when to stop).","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130803456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cardiovascular drugs","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Haemodynamic instability is one of the main reasons for admission to critical care. Often patients will require medication to provide cardiovascular support. This chapter discusses cardiovascular drugs and includes discussion on β-adrenergic agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, vasodilators, vasopressors, antiarrhythmics in intensive care, chronotropes, antianginal agents, antiplatelet agents, diuretics and the critically ill, and levosimendan. These medications are part of the daily practise in intensive care. Knowledge of the indications, interactions, and adverse effects is essential.","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133445557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resuscitation","authors":"C. Waldmann, A. Rhodes, N. Soni, J. Handy","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723561.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses resuscitation in critical care and includes discussion on basic and advanced resuscitation (including prevention of cardiac arrests, in-hospital resuscitation, risks to the rescuer, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR], advanced life support, the use of automated mechanical chest compression devices, extracorporeal CPR, postresuscitation care, outcome, and CPR on the intensive care unit), postcardiac arrest management (the postcardiac arrest syndrome, airway and ventilation, circulation, disability, temperature control, prognostication, rehabilitation, and cardiac arrest centres), and fluid challenge (rationale, the problem with a fluid bolus therapy, clinical indicators of hypovolaemia, performing a fluid challenge, type of fluid, and the future).","PeriodicalId":406870,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132446452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
