Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal最新文献_第8页

The Peaceful Origins of North Korea's Nuclear Programme in the Cold War Period, 1945–1965 冷战时期朝鲜核计划的和平起源，1945-1965

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000140

Don-Son Woo

{"title":"The Peaceful Origins of North Korea's Nuclear Programme in the Cold War Period, 1945–1965","authors":"Don-Son Woo","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000140","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Was Kim Il-sung's desire to have nuclear weapons the sole reason for North Korea's quest for nuclear power? The answer, I argue, is highly unlikely given that extensive economic considerations played the most fundamental role in North Korea's pursuit of atomic energy from 1945 to 1965. With original, creative research on previously unexamined North Korean publications and Soviet archival materials, I demonstrate how the ‘peaceful’ impetus steered North Korea's early nuclear enterprises in the Cold War period. While previous studies draw only upon circumstantial evidence to argue that North Korea's going nuclear was predestined due to its security concerns, this article revises this teleological assumption by reconstructing historical contexts wherein the two driving factors that formed early North Korea's nuclear programme were mostly emulating how the Soviets harnessed nuclear power for economic gain, and aversion to the Americans’ use of nuclear power for atomic weapons to a lesser degree. That is, North Korea, like other countries in what later would be termed the Global South, sought to master nuclear technology for industrial ends in the first place, which turned out to be economically burdensome to continue, long before September 1965 when its first research reactor went online.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"459 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85472768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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HIS volume 65 issue 4 Cover and Front matter 他的第65卷第4期封面和封面问题

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x22000164

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HIS volume 65 issue 4 Cover and Back matter HIS第65卷第4期封面和封底

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x22000176

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Anti-Standing Army Ideology, Identity, and Ideas of Union within the British Isles, 1689–1714 1689-1714年不列颠群岛的反常备军意识形态、身份和联合思想

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000127

Charles Ivar McGrath

{"title":"Anti-Standing Army Ideology, Identity, and Ideas of Union within the British Isles, 1689–1714","authors":"Charles Ivar McGrath","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditionally, anti-standing army ideology in the 1690s and 1700s has been viewed primarily through an English prism. As a result of the unique contribution of Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, the place of Scotland has also been examined in this regard, particularly in relation to the ‘paper war’ of 1697–9. However, Ireland also loomed larger than has previously been acknowledged within the associated debates. This was evident both in the arguments advanced and in the writers who advanced them. Several individuals with close connections to Ireland – both Anglo-Irish and English Protestants – figured prominently among the anti-standing army writers, including Robert Molesworth, John Trenchard, Sir Francis Brewster, and Henry Maxwell. That they did so requires explanation, given that the army in Ireland offered the minority Protestant ruling elite the greatest security against a Catholic Jacobite rebellion. The involvement of these men in anti-standing army debates also highlights their engagement in an Irish Protestant context with the idea of a Gothic constitution and the extent to which their writings contributed to the post-Glorious Revolution whig canon. Yet the debates also highlight the limitations of such ideology when faced with the question of Irish identity and confessional allegiance, the constitutional relationship with England, and the presence of a standing army in Ireland. One proposed solution to such limitations was political Union.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"27 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88430757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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In memoriam Enn Tarvel

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.06

Olev Liivik

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Causes of death among Swedish peasants during migration to Southern Ukraine in 1782–83 1782-83年瑞典农民迁移到乌克兰南部期间的死亡原因

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.03

Sviatoslav Chyruk

引用次数: 1

Women’s service in the armed forces during World War II in British and Soviet publications of the 1940s 20世纪40年代英国和苏联出版物中关于第二次世界大战期间妇女在武装部队服役的描述

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.04

N. Zalietok

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Marksismi retseptsioon ja dogmaatilise marksismi kriitika Eesti alal aastatel 1905–16

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02

Margo Roasto

{"title":"Marksismi retseptsioon ja dogmaatilise marksismi kriitika Eesti alal aastatel 1905–16","authors":"Margo Roasto","doi":"10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.02","url":null,"abstract":"In Estonian historiography, the revolutionary year of 1905 has been described as a starting point for subsequent political changes in 1917 and 1918. Hence many authors have highlighted the importance of political development that led to the foundation of the first Estonian political parties in 1905. However, the ideological differentiation of Estonian political thought between the revolutionary years of 1905 and 1917 has been studied less. The aim of this article is to analyse the political debates on Marxist theory that took place in the Estonian area of the Baltic provinces from 1905 to 1916. \u0000The leaders of the Estonian socialist movement first became acquainted with Marxist theory through German and Russian socialist literature. Since 1905, various texts by socialist authors were also available to a wider audience in Estonian. First and foremost, the works of German social democrats were published in Estonian. During 1910–14, the first volume of Karl Marx’s Capital was translated into Estonian. While it had often previously been argued that socialism benefits all oppressed people, Marxist ideology was now presented as a scientific theory that explained economic development and protected the interests of industrial workers in a class society. \u0000The article claims that during the period from 1905 to 1916, recognised experts on Marxist ideology emerged among Estonian socialists. In addition to Marxist tactics, Estonian socialist authors discussed theoretical issues such as the material conception of history. In these discussions, the personal conflicts between Estonian socialists as well as their ideological disagreements became evident. More broadly, these discussions were shaped by earlier ideological debates among European socialists at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. \u0000The article also argues that during the period considered, several Estonian left-wing thinkers questioned the validity of Marxism. Influenced by Bernstein’s revisionist ideas, these thinkers criticised Marxism as a one-sided and dogmatic ideology. They claimed that Marxism was just another theory with both strengths and weaknesses. However, Estonian social democrats who embraced Marxism as a scientific theory responded to such criticism and defended the materialist view of society. \u0000The debates on Marxist theory considered here provide evidence of the ideological differentiation of Estonian left-wing political thought. From 1905 to 1916, numerous socialist texts in Estonian presented various approaches for understanding Marxist ideology. Thus, one can witness an intensified reception of Marxism in the Estonian area during that period. More specifically, these ideological debates reveal new facets of the political views of Estonian socialists who later affected the course of Estonian history as communist revolutionaries or as members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72650585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Maltusliku ehk Lääne-Euroopa abiellumustüübi kõrgaeg Eestis

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.01

M. Gortfelder

{"title":"Maltusliku ehk Lääne-Euroopa abiellumustüübi kõrgaeg Eestis","authors":"M. Gortfelder","doi":"10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.01","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the trends and spatial patterns of i) the mean age at first marriage and ii) the proportion of people who remained single by the age of 45 for Estonian men and women born in the latter half of the 19th century. First, trends in these two indicators and for the two sexes are analysed for people born in 1850–99. Second, spatial patterns for both indicators and both genders are investigated at the municipality level for the cohorts of 1875–94. Third, this spatial data is linked to other socio-economic and cultural variables derived mostly from the censuses in order to explain the causes of the spatial clustering of marriage indicators. \u0000The theoretical reasoning for this article rests on the work of Thomas Robert Malthus and John Hajnal. Malthus is famous for explaining the demographic-economic dynamics of a traditional agrarian society in which periodic increases in mortality occur, lowering population numbers that have reached the carrying capacity (limit of available food) of an agrarian society. But Malthus (1798) was also the first to describe a phenomenon that was present in the upper and middle classes of his contemporary Britons, which also resulted in containing population growth. To be more precise, Malthus observed that people got married in their late twenties (thus postponing the start of their childbearing period); and that a considerable proportion of people remained single (thus they did not bear any children at all). \u0000Thomas Hajnal (1965) used considerable census material from the late 19th and early 20th centuries to place these observations on a sounder foundation. He claimed that a unique marriage system was prevalent in the countries of Western Europe. Namely, people married late (women around the age of 25, men around the age of 29) and 10 or more percent of the population remained single. Hajnal hypothesised that European uniqueness in this regard could in fact be linked to a higher standard of living in Europe from the Early Modern period onwards. Several economic historians have recently claimed that this was in fact the case, and that the Western European marriage pattern was one of the causes of European economic headway compared to other regions of the world (for example van Zanden, de Moor and Carmichel 2019). \u0000In the case of Estonia, little research has been conducted on the prevailing marriage system. Heldur Palli (1984, 1988) has studied the demographic situation in a few parishes during the 18th century and has shown that the Western European marriage pattern was present in the Estonian countryside in the late 18th century, if it can be assumed that these parishes constitute a representative sample of the country. Later researchers have cited Palli and early 20th century census and population statistics material to make the same claim. \u0000Here a novel data set, the Estonian Family Register, is used to analyse marital dynamics during the time of general societal modernisation in the late 19th and e","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79939226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Algoritmid museaale uurimas: masinõppemudeli Sälli kasutamine objektide säilivuse prognoosimiseks

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.05

Kurmo Konsa, Meri Liis Treimann, Kristiina Piirisild

{"title":"Algoritmid museaale uurimas: masinõppemudeli Sälli kasutamine objektide säilivuse prognoosimiseks","authors":"Kurmo Konsa, Meri Liis Treimann, Kristiina Piirisild","doi":"10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.05","url":null,"abstract":"The primary task of museums is to preserve museum objects in the form of physical objects. Despite its apparent simplicity and comprehensibility, damage to man-made objects – artefacts – is a complex and complicated field. Damage processes are grouped as being physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological. In most cases, different processes work together, damaging the materials and structure of the artefacts. A number of factors, the most important of which are the composition and structure of materials, environmental conditions, and human impacts, affect damage processes. It is very difficult, and in most cases impossible, to take all these factors into account. At the same time, modelling the aging of museum objects is especially important for their successful preservation. Modelling of damage processes makes it possible to assess the extent of such processes (which objects have been damaged and what the degree of damage is), the speed of damage processes, and thereby changes in the number of damaged objects over time, and finally, the effectiveness of possible management measures. \u0000In this article, we discuss the machine learning model Sälli, which predicts the durability of museum objects. For this purpose, the machine learning model uses data from MuIS (Estonian Museum Information System). The condition of objects is assessed in MuIS with four values: ‘good’, ‘satisfactory’, ‘poor’, and ‘very poor’. Almost 3.7 million condition assessments have been entered into MuIS. The development of a condition prediction model based on these data requires at least pairs of consecutive condition assessments in order to attempt to determine what correlates with the change in condition, whether it be one or another event, or a property (nature, material, age, techniques) of a museum object, or some combination of such factors. There are more than 1.4 million such pairs among the museum objects with several condition assessments. Almost 32,000 of them, or a little over 2%, consist of two different condition assessments, i.e., they indicate a change in condition. According to the data entered in MuIS, almost 30,000 museum objects, i.e., less than one percent of all museum objects, have been subject to a change in condition. \u0000As data points, we used at least two condition assessments for each museum object, to which we added the characteristics of the respective museum object and other features that help to predict the deterioration of the condition of the museum object. These data included static data related to the museum object: museum, museum collection, nature, material, material group, technology, exhibitability, and dating. As additional information, we used the history of the museum object, i.e., a summary of the events related to the museum object, taking into account only the events that took place during the condition assessment (because we do not have information on the future). The model finds the probability that the condition of the museum obj","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88380714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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