Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal最新文献_第9页

General Average, Human Jettison, and the Status of Slaves in Early Modern Europe 共同海损、人类遗弃与近代早期欧洲奴隶的地位

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000103

Jake Dyble

{"title":"General Average, Human Jettison, and the Status of Slaves in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Jake Dyble","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article proposes a transition in Western European thinking on slavery by examining the legality of slave jettison and its indemnification in the seventeenth-century Christian Mediterranean and comparing this with the late eighteenth-century Atlantic. Under the law of general average (GA), a shipmaster may legally sacrifice cargo or parts of a vessel to save a maritime venture from peril. GA then mandates that the costs of this sacrifice be shared proportionally between all interested parties. However, the status of human cargo with respect to pre-modern GA remains unclear, beyond the well-known example of the eighteenth-century British slave ship, the Zong. A jettison, a moment of crisis, forces the slave's dual conception as person and property to be definitively resolved. This article uses historical GA records and early modern jurisprudence on human jettison to shed light on the legal conceptualization of the slave in the two contexts. It finds that seventeenth-century jurisprudence generally ruled against slave jettison and that such a jettison could not be indemnified. In some Mediterranean operational contexts, slaves were excluded from GA altogether. To a certain extent, this finding justifies the conceptual divide historians have placed between Atlantic bondage and earlier forms of slavery.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78351715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bohuslav Balbín and the Patriotic Reconceptualization of Bohemia, c. 1650–1675 波胡斯拉夫Balbín与波西米亚爱国主义的再概念化，约1650-1675年

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-06 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000115

Anna-Marie Pípalová

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Refugees in Neutral Hong Kong and Macau, 1937–1945 难民对中立国香港和澳门的影响(1937-1945

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000097

H. Lopes

{"title":"The Impact of Refugees in Neutral Hong Kong and Macau, 1937–1945","authors":"H. Lopes","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000097","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article investigates the complex entanglement of neutrality and displacement in Hong Kong and Macau with a focus on the impact of and responses to an unprecedented influx of refugees during the Second World War. Displaced persons were of central importance in shaping the ambiguous experience of neutrality before Hong Kong's occupation by Japan in late 1941 and until the end of the war in Macau. Building on Elizabeth Sinn's conceptualization of Hong Kong as an ‘in-between place’, this article considers these two foreign-ruled territories as ‘in-between places’ where multi-layered transborder flows developed in an ‘in-between time’ of neutrality. Highlighting similarities and connections between Hong Kong and Macau, it argues that neutrality was shaped by the movement of refugees and that refugees often experienced neutrality differently depending on perceptions of race, class, and nationality. The presence of diverse communities of refugees shaped multiple dimensions of urban life, with colonial concerns for spatial order and social control co-existing with humanitarian co-operation. The discourses and practices around refugees are an important precedent to understanding post-war refugeedom in these territories.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89597288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

HIS volume 65 issue 3 Cover and Back matter HIS第65卷第3期封面和封底

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x22000085

引用次数: 0

HIS volume 65 issue 3 Cover and Front matter 他的第65卷第3期封面和封面问题

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x22000073

引用次数: 0

Women and the History of Samuel Pepys's Diary 妇女与塞缪尔·佩皮斯日记的历史

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X21000716

K. Loveman

{"title":"Women and the History of Samuel Pepys's Diary","authors":"K. Loveman","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X21000716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X21000716","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Through focusing on the lives of women, this article examines silences and obfuscations in Samuel Pepys's diary and in the histories we tell about this most famous of Restoration sources. It begins by considering how the ways we read the diary today remain influenced by Pepys's decisions when preserving his papers. While his diary has increasingly been studied for what it reveals about early modern sex and/or women's lives, historians have faced difficulties in assessing and representing this content, partly because of measures devised by Pepys. Knowledge of his methods, together with close reading, can help us attend to what this source omits and elides. Historiography has often followed Pepys's lead when discussing his diary's sexual content, and it has also followed his lead in researching his kin. His father's family has been tracked over generations; meanwhile, basic facts about his mother and her family have remained unknown. The article traces Pepys's maternal kin, comparing new evidence with the diary's representation of social status and kinship networks. Pepys's diary is a vital source on the seventeenth century, but fully exploiting that source requires factoring in Pepys's methods of writing and preservation, and attending to what has gone unwritten.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75804172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Irish Land Question, the International Monetary Problem, and Archbishop William Walsh, 1881–1896 爱尔兰土地问题、国际货币问题和大主教威廉·沃尔什(1881-1896)

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000061

Patrick Doyle

{"title":"The Irish Land Question, the International Monetary Problem, and Archbishop William Walsh, 1881–1896","authors":"Patrick Doyle","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the significance to the Irish land question of a controversial issue in late nineteenth-century international political economy – bimetallism. Bimetallists advocated a monetary system that used gold and silver to define currency value rather than gold alone. Archbishop William Walsh's support for bimetallism is analysed to highlight how Ireland provided a case-study that framed this debate. Walsh believed the gold standard deepened an agrarian crisis that drove the Irish land question. He argued that careful and internationally orchestrated reform of the monetary system offered the means for its resolution. Walsh's bimetallist views marked him out as an original thinker within Irish nationalism, and his views were debated and adopted by monetary reformers across Britain, Europe, and the United States where they featured during the 1896 Presidential Election. Walsh's engagement in monetary politics must also be understood within a tradition of Catholic social teaching in which he positioned himself as a critic of financial capitalism. This article contextualizes the Irish land question within wider debates on the role of silver in the global economy and argues that Walsh's monetary thought reveals him to be a more significant international intellectual than his involvement in Irish politics tends to allow.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72792531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Arai Ōsui and the Transnational Reimagination of Civilization in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States 新井Ōsui与19世纪后期美国文明的跨国再想象

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-04-26 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X2200005X

Chinami Oka

{"title":"Arai Ōsui and the Transnational Reimagination of Civilization in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States","authors":"Chinami Oka","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X2200005X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X2200005X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Civilization discourse hierarchically ordered nation-states and people of different traits, including race and gender, in the Western modern concept of progress. This civilizational ideology of modern nation-states has underpinned narratives of many historical works, including transnational historical studies. This article showcases the ideas and practices of transnationalism that challenged such civilization discourse and pursued a more egalitarian and mutually interdependent vision of the world at the non-state level. This article does so by focusing on the Brotherhood of the New Life, a mixed-race religious agricultural community in late nineteenth-century rural America, and one of its Japanese members, Arai Ōsui, who joined the community after his defeat in Japan's Boshin Civil War. I argue that this non-state transnational perspective illuminates the Brotherhood members’ endeavour to free gender and race – the key conceptual underpinnings of the ideology of civilization – from this very discourse. This article further reveals, through Ōsui, that the community's egalitarian ethos developed to instigate new, anti-imperialist, and anti-hierarchical thoughts and actions in early twentieth-century Japan, in opposition to the state's imperialist endeavour to progress.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86672610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plague, Crisis, and Scientific Authority during the London Caterpillar Outbreak of 1782 1782年伦敦毛虫爆发期间的瘟疫、危机和科学权威

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-04-25 DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x22000048

John Lidwell-Durnin

{"title":"Plague, Crisis, and Scientific Authority during the London Caterpillar Outbreak of 1782","authors":"John Lidwell-Durnin","doi":"10.1017/s0018246x22000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x22000048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the summer of 1780, anti-Catholic riots led by Lord George Gordon in London left hundreds dead and stretches of the city burnt and destroyed. Eighteen months later, during a tense period in the city's history, London was invaded by brown-tail moth caterpillars. The metropolis and surrounding countryside disappeared behind the tents and nests of the insects, prompting widespread fear of famine and plague. With the memory of the riots still fresh, philanthropists such as Jonas Hanway and entomologists like William Curtis sought to assuage the public's fear, insisting that the brown-tail moth outbreak was part of the normal operations of nature, that the infestation bore no danger to the public, and that efforts to alarm the public or describe them as dangerous were contemptuous. At the same time, the conjurer and philosopher Gustavus Katterfelto, performing in the city, sought to profit from the public agitation, developing spectacles and performances that promised the insects would soon deliver famine, plague, and ruin on the city. This article examines the intersection of scientific authority, public fear, and performance, showing that the outbreak placed tremendous stress on the relationship between scientific authority and security in the metropolis.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82050860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Honourable Businessmen: Respectability and ‘Gentlemanly Capitalism’ in Spain, 1840–1880 体面的商人:西班牙的体面与“绅士资本主义”，1840-1880

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Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal Pub Date : 2022-04-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X21000649

David San Narciso

{"title":"Honourable Businessmen: Respectability and ‘Gentlemanly Capitalism’ in Spain, 1840–1880","authors":"David San Narciso","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X21000649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X21000649","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Revolution can lead to the complete political and social reconfiguration of a society. Such readjustment is often especially significant amongst the society's elites, as when ancient aristocrats had to converge with a newly emerging bourgeoisie. This article argues that over the course of the nineteenth century there was a steady process of negotiation that saw the evolution of a new form of elite, one defined by a new characteristic: respectability. This change saw successful businessmen, particularly magnates or tycoons, climbing to the top of the social ladder, as the culmination of a process that began in the eighteenth century. To illustrate this thesis, I discuss the case of Spain. I draw upon the lives of a large and diverse range of great Spanish bankers, industrialists, and businessmen. Traditionally, historiography has studied such men individually and from an economic history perspective. Here, a global, cultural approach is adopted. The chronology of the events described is not straightforward. Although the men studied are not all from a single birth cohort or even the same generation, I consider that they lived through the same social processes. The years between 1840 and 1880 were a period of intense industrial and business development in Spain during which modern economic practices were introduced. For the purposes of this article, I first situate the concept of respectability within the Spanish historiographical context, before analysing the discursive strategies that Spanish business magnates used to turn themselves into legitimate members of the county's new social elite. Finally, I study the three main symbolic tools that they employed to demonstrate their respectability and prove their status.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81343843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0