Polymer Degradation and Stability最新文献

{"title":"Furan-derived phosphine flame-retardant furan-derived epoxy thermosets with combined mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy","authors":"Gang Tang ,&nbsp;Feilong Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Cunlong Fu ,&nbsp;Zicheng Xu ,&nbsp;Xiuyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Du ,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, most commercial epoxy thermosets are derived from the thermal curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy prepolymers, whose manufacture is highly dependent upon fossil resources. Over the past decade, increasing efforts have been devoted to developing bio-based epoxy monomers to replace DGEBA-type epoxy prepolymers for sustainable development. Another shortcoming of DGEBA-type epoxy thermosets is their high fire risk. To overcome the above issues, a bio-based epoxy monomer, N, N-diglycidyl furfurylamine (DGFA), was synthesized from furfurylamine, and a bio-based flame retardant (DFDA-DPPO) was also synthesized from furfurylamine, furfural, and diphenylphosphine oxide (DPPO). DFDA-DPPO was incorporated into DGFA at different loadings to prepare a series of flame-retardant bio-based epoxy thermosets, with 4, 4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a hardener. The influence of DFDA-DPPO on the curing kinetics, thermal stability, mechanical strength and flame-retardant properties of DGFA/DDM thermosets was investigated. Specifically, the DGFA/DDM thermoset with a 1.5 % phosphorus content achieved a tensile strength of 81.9 MPa, an impact strength of 16.7 kJ/m², an LOI of 33.5 %, a UL94 V-0 rating, and a glass transition temperature of 98.5 °C. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanisms of DFDA-DPPO were also studied in both the condensed and gaseous phases. This work provides a good substitute for DGEBA in the fabrication of bio-based epoxy thermosets with combined mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111718"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The catalytic pyrolysis of titanium in the highly charring metal-coordinated flame retardant synthesized for use in polyamide 66","authors":"Ying Tao,&nbsp;Tianyu Liu,&nbsp;Wenbin Fu,&nbsp;Yicheng Fan,&nbsp;Xiuyuan Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The existing research has revealed the positive effects of titanium compounds, while the flame-retardant mechanism of titanium remains to be explored and clarified. Herein, we have synthesized an organic titanium-based flame retardant, designated as TiPPDS. The synthesized TiPPDS exhibits high thermal stability, with an initial degradation temperature of 303 °C and a high char yield of 64.3 % at 800 °C, meeting the high-temperature processing requirements of polyamide 66 (PA66). Flammability tests demonstrate that TiPPDS exhibits efficient flame retardancy in PA66. Incorporating 15 wt% TiPPDS into PA66 elevated the limiting oxygen index value to 28.5 %. Compared to neat PA66, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PA66–15TiPPDS were reduced by 31 % and 41 %, respectively. To investigate the underlying mechanism, a specialized apparatus was designed for pyrolytic gas analysis. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and hydrogen were detected in the pyrolysis products of PA66–15TiPPDS.The unsaturated hydrocarbons exhibit lower combustion heat and a strong tendency toward incomplete combustion, consequently reducing heat release during combustion. Further analysis revealed that TiPPDS decomposes to generate a titanium phosphate semiconductor with band gap of about 3.4 eV, and the residue has a structure defect of Ti³⁺ accompanied with oxygen vacancies. These results indicated the catalytic dehydrogenation of PA66 to thermal excitation of titanium semiconductor during combustion. This work contributes to a thorough understanding of the catalytic mechanism of titanium compounds during combustion, thereby providing theoretical guidance for the development of high-performance titanium-based flame retardants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111725"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based flame retardant prepared from chitosan and sodium citrate: Enhancing fire safety, transparency, and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer","authors":"Wenbo Sun ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Yusheng Tong ,&nbsp;Yuling Wang ,&nbsp;Biyu Huang ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Shaofeng Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanmei Jiao ,&nbsp;Shouke Yan ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Xilei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) is a common and widely used material with flammable characteristics, which poses a great safety hazard. Chitosan (CS) is a renewable bio-based flame retardant. Sodium citrate (CNa) is an organometallic salt that can alter the thermal degradation behavior of TPU. Based on existing research, by integrating the two substances, the newly developed bio-based, eco-friendly flame retardant (CS@CNa) is capable of substantially boosting the flame retardant and smoke suppressant characteristics of TPU composite materials. Relative to pure TPU, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke release rate (pSPR) of the TPU/CS@CNa6 % composite dropped by 71.92 % and 60.94 %, respectively. Additionally, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of TPU/CS@CNa6 % reached 27 %, and it secured a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing. These results indicate that CS@CNa can significantly improve the flame retardancy of TPU. Moreover, CS@CNa demonstrates a beneficial effect on both the transparency and mechanical performance of TPU composites. With increase in amount of CS@CNa added gradually increases, TPU/CS@CNa composite samples still maintain clear visual effects. TPU/CS@CNa6 % exhibits a tensile strength of 22.61 MPa and an elongation at break of 977.69 %, representing increases of 139.3 % and 157.2 %, respectively, compared to pure TPU. This work exhibits great significance for manufacturing of multifunctional flame retardant TPU composites and expansion of TPU application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111713"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translating flame retardant strategies: Analogy from polyolefins and bisphenol a polycarbonates to poly(limonene carbonate)","authors":"Jose Pablo Chacon Castro,&nbsp;Bernhard Schartel","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(limonene carbonate)—PLimC—offers a novel sustainable alternative to traditional polymers, as it is derived from renewable limonene and carbon dioxide as monomers. Proposing PLimC as a future technical polymer for applications in electrical and electronic (E&amp;E) devices, construction, and transportation, PLimC must meet specific fire prevention standards to be deemed suitable. Starting from the chemical structure of PLimC, strategies in analogy to flame retarded bisphenol A polycarbonates (PC), PC blends, and polyolefins (PO) are investigated to identify the most effective route to enhance the flame resistance of PLimC. This study utilized four halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) systems: APP + pentaerythritol (standard intumescent system in PO), a phosphorus flame retardant+PTFE as anti-dripping agent (used in PC blends), metal hydroxide ATH (widely used in PO), and potassium sulfonate salt (specific solution for PC). Applying these FRs at typical PC, PC blends, and PO loadings, we aim to understand their effect on PLimC and evaluated the different flame-retardant routes. Our experimental evaluations focused on the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. ATH emerged as the most effective, reducing the effective heat of combustion from 29.3 MJ kg⁻¹ to 18.6 MJ kg⁻¹ and the total heat evolved from 95 to 55 MJ m⁻². It also resulted in an increase in the limiting oxygen index from 17.1 to 26 vol.-% O₂, along with a UL 94 HB40 rating. The intumescent system also exhibited considerable flame retardancy, highlighting the similarity of PLimC’s fire behavior to that of PO rather than PC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111711"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainably sourced Schiff base vitrimeric epoxy networks with intrinsic flame retardancy, degradability and shape-memory capabilities","authors":"Haoxin Niu ,&nbsp;Haojie Shi ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Hao-Ran Jiang ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The three-dimensional cross-linking network endows epoxy thermosets with outstanding application performance, rendering epoxy thermosets indispensable in the field of materials. It also makes epoxy thermosets insoluble and immiscible. Moreover, epoxy thermosets are derived mainly from non-renewable fossil resources, causing an environmental crisis. In addition, epoxy thermosets are flammable and pose a significant fire hazard. To address these problems, three Schiff base curing agents were prepared in this work by utilizing p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde. Three structurally distinct curing agents were utilized to prepare epoxy vitrimers incorporating dynamic imine bonds. The epoxy vitrimers exhibited outstanding mechanical properties. The incorporation of the Schiff base structure into the cross-linking network greatly enhanced the fire safety of the epoxy vitrimers. The epoxy vitrimers demonstrated excellent chemical resistance and could be selectively degraded in an acetone solution of hydrochloric acid. In addition, the epoxy vitrimers demonstrated excellent shape memory properties and significant stress relaxation. This work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of intrinsically flame-retardant bio-based epoxy vitrimers and innovatively investigates the influence of methoxy groups on the properties of epoxy vitrimers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111708"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-oxidative degradation behavior of natural rubber induced by sulfur crosslinking structures","authors":"Xiaorong He ,&nbsp;Haonan Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhou Zhang ,&nbsp;Teng Ren ,&nbsp;Shifeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing volume of end-of-life tires, the efficient recycling and reclaimation of natural rubber (NR) has become an urgent challenge in the rubber industry. In this work, the thermo-oxidative degradation behavior of sulfur-vulcanized NR was systematically investigated, with an emphasis on the role of sulfur crosslinking bonds in inducing main-chain scission. A series of NR vulcanizates with varying sulfur crosslink densities and types were subjected to thermo-oxidative degradation treatment, and their structural evolution was analyzed using FTIR, XPS, ¹³CNMR , and DSC. The experimental results showed that higher sulfur crosslink density led to lower molecular weight, shortened oxidative induction time, and enhanced formation of oxygen-containing functional groups, indicating that sulfur bonds facilitate polymer degradation. Building on previous studies that report β-scission occurring in NR main chains, as well as structural analyses conducted before and after chain cleavage, a mechanistic hypothesis is proposed: sulfur crosslinks undergo oxidative cleavage, generating reactive sulfur-containing intermediates that likely lower the bond dissociation energy of adjacent C–C bonds and promote preferential main-chain scission near the crosslinking sites. These findings provide structural insight into the degradation behavior of sulfur-crosslinked NR and offer a theoretical basis for designing efficient strategies for controlled degradation and advanced recycling of crosslinked rubber materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111706"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative depolymerization of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) wastes to value-added chemicals","authors":"Hasan Shahriar Raby ,&nbsp;M Mizanur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mohammed Gamal Mohammed ,&nbsp;Muhammad N. Siddiquee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer materials are essential in modern applications such as packaging, construction, and textiles, however, their widespread use generates substantial waste. Due to the complex depolymerization processes, this polymeric waste is becoming an environmental burden. Oxidative depolymerization of polymer wastes has a potentially great impact on the economy, environment, and health. This comprehensive study reviews the latest updates on oxidative depolymerization of polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene. These three polymers were selected due to their extensive commercial use and substantial contribution to plastic waste. The review also addresses the commercial and ecological implications of the oxidative depolymerization of these polymers. Besides, it explores the impact of environmental conditions, additive availability, and polymer molecular structure on oxidative depolymerization. Oxidative depolymerization mechanisms such as chain scission, cross-linking, and chain termination reactions are also discussed. Comparisons are drawn between the three polymers of interest to identify the differences in the factors affecting depolymerization and depolymerization mechanisms. This review is relevant to industries that depend on polymers, underscoring the need to understand the factors driving oxidative depolymerization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111709"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation mechanism and measurement methods of cable composite insulation induced by interface pressure evolution: A systematic review","authors":"Shuaibing Li ,&nbsp;Pengzhen Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Ping Yan ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Kang ,&nbsp;Haiying Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining adequate interfacial pressure at the composite insulation interface is of paramount importance for the secure functioning of cable lines. In practice, however, the interface pressure is prone to deteriorate under the influence of multifaceted operating conditions and the synergistic action of electro-thermal-mechanical stresses. This pressure degradation facilitates the emergence of defects like air gaps and contaminant particles at the interface. These imperfections cause significant local distortions in the electric and thermal fields, typically initiating partial discharge as a precursor to ultimate insulation failure. The defects of impurity particles at the interface of composite insulation produce air gaps, leading to local electric field and thermal field distortion at the interface, which induces partial discharge and eventually leads to insulation breakdown. And as the voltage level of the cable system increases, the cable and its accessories operating conditions become more and more severe, the interface pressure degradation caused by the insulation failure problem is more prominent. The paper firstly starts from the three stages of cable accessory design and production, on-site installation and operation, and summarizes the influencing factors of interfacial pressure at different stages, such as interfacial structure, bending, internal defects, multi-stress aging, and hot and cold cycles, etc.; on this basis, it systematically describes the mechanism of interfacial pressure degradation and its current research status; secondly, it combs and summarizes the interfacial pressure measurement methods at present stage, and gives an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods are analyzed and compared; finally, a systematic outlook is given to the research on the degradation mechanism of interfacial pressure and its measurement methods, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the assessment of the state of the interface of composite insulation of cables and the optimization of the design of accessory insulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111707"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zr modified phenolic resin/silica fiber composites with enhanced mechanical properties and ablation resistance: Comparison of three different modification routes","authors":"Fuping Li ,&nbsp;Zhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Qin ,&nbsp;Jiang Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Dang ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Kang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yufei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of phenolic resin/high silica fiber composites (PR/HSF composites) with low density, high strength, low thermal conductivity and excellent ablation resistance is of vital importance for the solid rocket motor nozzles. In this work, Zr modified PR/HSF composites were successfully fabricated through three different modification routes, which include physically mixing of the Zr precursor with PR (M-PR), chemical reaction of the zirconium precursor with PR (R-PR), and direct incorporation of ZrC nanoparticles into PR (P-PR). The effect of three different modification routes on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal insulation and ablation resistance was systematically studied. R-PR/HSF composites had the best overall performance, with low density of 1.6 g/cm³, flexural strength of 68.6 MPa (16.9 % enhancement over PR/HSF composites), low thermal conductivity of 0.36 W/(m·K), and mass ablation rate of 0.065 g/s (34.75 % decrease compared to PR/HSF composites). The strengthening mechanism of R-PR/HSF composites is attributed to the Zr chelated three-dimensional network structure, which improves the interfacial bonding and interaction energy between R-PR and HSF. The excellent ablation resistance of R-PR/HSF composites is mainly attributed to the multiple mechanisms such as thermal barrier effect, dynamic self-healing, carbon layer reinforcement, and heat absorption by phase transition, which are related to the formation of C-SiC-ZrO₂-ZrC-SiO₂-ZrSiO₄ ceramic system during ablation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111700"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ultrafine barium sulfate (BaSO4) on improving the mechanical properties, ceramifiable and thermal insulation performance of highly filled EVA composites","authors":"Chentao Lv,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhu,&nbsp;Qing Sun,&nbsp;Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Jiawei Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional highly filled (70 %) polymer composites are limited in comprehensive applications by poor mechanical properties, processability, and thermal protection. Herein, ultrafine barium sulfate (BaSO₄) was used to enhance these properties of highly filled EVA composites while maintaining balanced flame retardancy. Specifically, adding 10 wt% ultrafine BaSO₄ increased the tensile strength, elongation at break, and melt flow rate of the composites by 11.75 %, 78.63 %, and 63.46 %, respectively. The excellent dispersibility of BaSO₄ particles promoted interfacial lubrication and compatibility, significantly improving the mechanical properties and processability. Fire resistance and thermal insulation properties were evaluated under simulated fire conditions. The results showed that silica-aluminum glass powder (SAGP) and BaSO₄ facilitated the formation of a continuous and dense ceramic layer on the surface. After 35 min of ablation, P10B10 exhibited a backside temperature of only 207.55 °C, 34 °C lower than P20B0, indicating excellent thermal insulation with a delayed temperature rise. Ceramic residues of P10B10 reached a compressive modulus of 7.27 MPa. Ceramization and thermal mechanisms revealed that SAGP/BaSO₄ synergistically enabled the multi-layer functionalization, achieving combined barrier and reflective heat insulation. During heating, co-melt zinc borate (ZB) and SAGP migrated and aggregated towards the heated surface, forming eutectic phases with barium sulfate oxides, including barium aluminum silicate (BaAl₂SiO₆), barium zinc silicate (BaZnSiO₄) and barium borate (BaB₂O₄) crystalline phases. The oxide-based ceramic layer effectively blocked heat and oxygen penetration. Additionally, uniformly distributed BaSO₄ in the porous char layer extended heat transfer paths and reflected heat, increasing heat loss and preserving internal material integrity. This work demonstrates the role of ultrafine BaSO₄ in enhancing highly filled polymer composites and provides a novel strategy for developing high-performance flame-retardant and ceramizable composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111704"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}