{"title":"Rural-to-Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: the Case of India","authors":"A. Mitra","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In relation to urbanization, findings suggest that the unemployment rate after migration tends to decline. States with higher urbanization levels reveal a larger increase in regular wage employment after migration. With an increase in city size, the migration rate rises mainly because employment prospects are better in large cities due to agglomeration effects. Migration, urban informal sector employment, and the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population in urban and rural areas are all positively associated, suggesting that the socially backward groups are more likely to migrate from rural areas and get absorbed in the urban informal sector. This pattern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: even the urban informal sector activities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and higher living standards.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126994478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Capital and Urbanization in India","authors":"S. Sarkar","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114382285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infrastructure and Urbanization in India Issues and Challenges","authors":"S. Sarkar, B. Mehta","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"In the last three decades India has experienced high growth without a significant rise in urbanization. However, this chapter finds that infrastructure primarily affects urbanization through promoting faster economic growth. Certain infrastructural facilities like roadways, electricity generation, and teledensity improved substantially but railways and waterways showed marginal improvement. Compared to the People’s Republic of China, India does not lag behind in terms of passenger traffic but substantially lags behind in terms of goods transport by rail, road, and air, and in electricity consumption. The low manufacturing base of India seems to be primarily responsible for it. This chapter shows that urbanization in India created demand for infrastructure investment but is not financed sufficiently, resulting in gaps in provision of infrastructure. The primary requirement of financing urban infrastructure is to strengthen the financial base of ULBs so that they can generate a predictable quantum of funds over a certain specified period. This would create a sufficient base on the basis of which external financing requirements can be planned and executed.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urbanization, Inequality, and Poverty in the People’s Republic of China","authors":"Yuanxia Zhang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization is considered to be an engine of economic growth in developing countries. Driven by policies of economic reforms and opening up, the structural changes ushered in an era of sustained and rapid economic growth for the People’s Republic of China (PRC). As a consequence, rural and urban poverty declined dramatically. At the same time, income inequality increased rapidly. To understand these important observations, this chapter inquires into the role played by urbanization in economic growth, poverty reduction, and the evolution of inequality in the PRC. Specifically, this chapter (1) analyses the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and the evolution of inequality in the PRC; (2) focuses on the urban labour market and urban poverty; (3) portrays the multifaceted nature of poverty in the process of urbanization; and (4) analyses the effect of some anti-poverty and inequality policies in the context of urbanization.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121987765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Land Policy and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China","authors":"Li Zhang, Xianxiang Xu","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Land leasing provides financial support for the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) urbanization. This chapter explores the relationship between land policies and urbanization in the PRC. In particular, it explores the relationship between urbanization and land leasing. It finds that the urbanization rate and the land-leasing revenue are positively related. Land leasing provides financial support for PRC’s urbanization, but damages the interests of landless peasants. Especially in the west, population urbanization lags behind land urbanization, resulting in much higher land and house prices in the east than those in inland PRC. Current land and household registration policies hinder the mobility of production factors, including construction land and the labour force, and distort the process of urbanization and industrialization. The land policy should be revised such that the market determines the allocation of land resources, which will create a unified, competitive urban–rural land market.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133556649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Growth, Inequality, Poverty, and Urbanization: the Case of India","authors":"A. Mitra","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter the analysis is pursued at three levels of disaggregation: states, districts, and cities with populations over one million. At the state level, urbanization does not show any significant impact on rural poverty, though it tends to reduce poverty in urban areas. Growth influences urbanization positively, while urbanization and expansion in non-agricultural activities both contribute to economic growth. Although urban inequality is not strongly correlated with urbanization and growth, the relationship is distinct. While poverty tends to decline, inequality rises in the process of growth and urbanization. The district-level data confirm a positive association between urbanization, work participation rate, percentage of workforce engaged in non-household manufacturing and services, literacy, growth, and inequality, though the degree of association is mild. Urbanization shows a strong beneficial effect on poverty at both the district and city levels.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124553768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Congestion and Pollution in Chinese Cities","authors":"Siqi Zheng, Cong Sun, Jianghao Wang, Xiaoke Hu","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid urbanization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is assumed to generate greater economic benefits in terms of income, but also result in greater social costs in terms of negative externalities. This chapter focuses on the direct relationship between city growth and the urban diseases of congestion and pollution in the PRC. The ‘demand–supply–government’ framework is employed to analyse the sources and consequences of these major urban diseases. The roles of market power and political power in congestion and pollution mitigation are also discussed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132672638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Housing System and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China","authors":"Jie Chen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a contextualized interpretation of the transformation of housing regimes in urban China since the abolition of the urban welfare housing system in 1998. Particular attention is given to the impacts of public housing provision on China’s urbanization mode. The employment of the widely used state-market-family model is supplemented by contextualization. A close examination of the case of Public Rental Housing (PRH) in Shanghai helps to show that the recent revival of public housing in Chinese cities is mostly driven by economic growth motives. Despite that the Chinese urban housing regime up to now could be located within the context of other Asian countries’ ‘productivist’ welfare regimes, this chapter however discerns mixed evidence that it is recently shifting towards a ‘developmentalist’ regime. This investigation offers multifaceted insights on the complexity of the social-economic dynamics in post-reform urban China.","PeriodicalId":405359,"journal":{"name":"Cities of Dragons and Elephants","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131880296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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