Philologia Classica最新文献

{"title":"Was Pigres an Interpreter to Cyrus?","authors":"R. Rubtsov","doi":"10.21638/spbu20.2022.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2022.102","url":null,"abstract":"Ancient authors did not leave us any description of ancient interpreters, and neither their usual functions nor possible social positions are known to us. Although this can be partially restored from written sources, the whole picture remains in the shadows. We are not aware of the ways in which people became interpreters in Antiquity, whether such a profession actually existed, and to what extent it is possible to apply the modern understanding of interpreters to ancient times. Finally, there are many dark corners in our understanding of historical specifics: the functions, social status and ethnic origin of interpreters obviously varied in different cultures and time frames. The use of a word or an expression defining the interpreter is another issue, for Greek ἑρμηνεύς, a traditional lexeme in dictionaries of Ancient Greek (LSJ, GE, DELG, GEW, EDG, Woodhouse), does not, in fact, always denote someone related to this line of work. In Xenophon’s Anabasis a person named Pigres is described as ἑρμηνεύς and one of the companions of Cyrus the Younger in his belligerent attempt to overthrow Artaxerxes II. Pigres is usually understood as an interpreter (Gehman, Lendle, Rochette, Wiotte-Franz, Stoneman etc.), but is there a solid basis for such understanding? What do we know about him? What does Xenophon tell us about his responsibilities? The study shows that Pigres’ identity should be understood in relation to the usage of the word ἑρμηνεύς in V–ΙV BCE and to the sociocultural context of Asia Minor under the rule of the Achaemenid dynasty.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72888102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empedocles on the Inheritance of Parental Traits by Offspring","authors":"A. Pimenova","doi":"10.21638/spbu20.2022.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2022.202","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the embryological teaching of Empedocles, the ancient Greek philosopher from Acragas, who lived in the 5th century BC. The article is focused on the mechanisms by which children inherit their parents’ features in the doctrine of Empedocles. The available fragments and evidence on the teachings of early Greek philosophers often provide distorted and sometimes contradictory information. This paper attempts to carefully analyze all the evidence regarding inheritance mechanisms and bring it into an agreement with each other without resorting to abandoning some of the fragments. The most extensive information is provided to us by Censorinus, the 3rd century Roman writer, who in 238 AD wrote the treatise De die natali to congratulate his patron Caerelius on his 49th birthday. The article comments in detail on the testimony of Censorinus (De die natali, 6. 6 = 31 A 81 DK) concerning Empedocles’ views on the inheritance of parental traits by children, as well as the contradictory messages by Aetius (Aët. 5. 11. 1 = A 81) and Aristotle (De gen. an. I, 18, 723a23; IV, 1, 764a1f.; 765a 8 = 31 A 81 DK). The analysis conducted by Erna Lesky in her famous monograph of 1950 was expanded and supplemented in this article. In addition, the study takes into accountthe evidence of cases where children do not resemble their parents. Empedocles justifies these cases by popular superstitions, which were widespread in Europe up to the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77046102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"О priči i nеpričаnјu: Kuciјеv rоmаn Fо","authors":"T. Ristić","doi":"10.18485/philologia.2022.20.20.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/philologia.2022.20.20.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74644614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech Rhythm as an Elusive Phenomenon in Relation to Its Shape and Function","authors":"Galina M. Vishnevskaya, M. Zverev","doi":"10.18485/philologia.2022.20.20.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/philologia.2022.20.20.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72764968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An intellectual’s life strategies in the time of war and under dictatorship in the novels by Eyvind Johnson","authors":"Polina Lisovskaya","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.108","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines conceptual and artistic issues of the most seminal novels written by Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976), one of the most renowned Swedish writers of the 20th century. Johnson, born in the north of Sweden, was of low origin, and he started his career as an amateur proletarian writer, a typical representative of the Swedish “proletarian literature,” a movement that was largely instrumental in shaping the form and substance of prose fiction in Sweden in the first half of the last century. His obligatory education ended at the age of fourteen, but his insatiable yearning for self-education, books, foreign languages, as well as his broad and hard-earned experience, gradually made him one of the most erudite and intellectually intricate Swedish novelists of the last century. From the 1940s on, the writer had gone far beyond the borders of “proletarian literature” and created works that won him international acclaim and the Nobel Prize for literature in 1974. Yet, the works of this humanitarian writer, who kept condemning totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, are practically unknown in our country, in translations of his novels and research papers. This article analyzes the cycles on Ulof and Krilon, which are devoted to Sweden, and written after the Second World War: the novels The Surge of the Shores, Dreams of Roses and Fire, and The Days of His Grace are based on subjects of the classical literature and the events of the European history. The object of our study is protagonists in the above-mentioned works. The subject of the research is the evolution of the types and images of humanitarian intellectuals in their clashes with authoritarian power, dictatorship and war. The article focuses on characters who, when placed in such condition, have to make up their minds and choose a life strategy which would conform with Johnson’s ethical and philosophical position, and on the evolution of describing circumstances and results of these choices throughout the whole life of the writer.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67775410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clash between the sinister and the sublime in Strindberg’s The Father and Miss Julie","authors":"Polina Lisovskaya, Antonina Naumova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.207","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with naturalistic dramas by August Strindberg from the 1880s, namely his famous The Father and Miss Julie. Special attention is given to their stage history in different countries throughout the past century. The authors examine The Father and Miss Julie through the lens of how various ostents of the sinister and the sublime manifest themselves through the fabric of the playwright’s renowned plays from the pre-Inferno period. The two dramas are put in the wide context of Strindberg’s oeuvre where the opposition of low and higher appetences within a human being are often rendered as the clash between the feminine and the masculine. In addition to the above, the article draws attention to the ways of how the two dramas by Strindberg were received in Russia at the turn of the 20th century, especially by the Russian symbolist Alexander Blok. In addition to that the article includes valuable material on a number of theatre productions of The Father and Miss Julie as well on the reviews of some productions. In order to draw their conclusions the authors examine thoroughly the main characters of the plays. Thus, it becomes obvious that throughout the decades the Captain and miss Julie could be interpreted quite differently both by the scholars and by the directors. In a essayistic manner the article touches upon the question of the nature of Strindberg’s rampageous concern with the strife between the sexes as well as upon his so called misogyny.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67775718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jensens ekphrasis in “The King’s Fall” as “interference”","authors":"A. Lomagina","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.208","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes an example of ekphrasis from the novel “The King’s Fall” (1901) by Danish Nobel prize-winner Johannes V. Jensen as a space of interaction between visualization strategy and rhythmic organization of prose. The idea of “interference” as a principle of mutual influence of waves in Physics is dear to the writer at this early stage of his career and is present in the title of the poem in prose from 1901. His turn-of-the-century poems and prose often combine high and low, emptiness and fullness, and different kinds of media. As a historical novel describing the epoch of the 16th century, “The King’s Fall” borrows the pictorial features and structural principles of Baroque painting as well as the essential ideas of the epoch’s memento mori, reflected in the paintings of H. Holbein, P. Bruegel the elder and still-lifes of Flemish and Dutch masters from the Vanitas series. The ekphrasis under consideration is presented as a piece of memory unfolding before the eyes of an observer, as a painting from the epoch with its frame, light, perspective, horizon line, colours and viewer. Furthermore, thanks to rhythmicity, repeated syntactic, lexical groups and alliteration, the focus shifts to the creative act, betraying the presence of the creator and the narrator.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67775732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and semantic interpretation of the Scandinavian ornament of the new early medieval war axe of the Volga-Kama type from the southern part of Republic of Moldova","authors":"Igor Bondar, Ekaterina S. Lenkova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.210","url":null,"abstract":"This study is devoted to the full-fledged introduction into scientific circulation of a unique early medieval iron war hatchet inlayed with silver originating from the southern steppe zone of the Dniester-Prut interfluve of present-day territory of Republic of Moldova. The ornamented battle axe of 10th–11th centuries was found near the village of Răzeni. The type of form of war axe from Răzeni is similar to type of war axes originated in the Middle Volga region, where there was a tradition of making similar ornamented war axes of this type. The main feature of the war ax from Răzeni is the Scandinavian ornament in Ringerike style. The semantics analysis of the ornamented motif and its interpretation — is one of the main tasks of this research work of the description and introduction of the unique find into scientific circulation. The image is interpreted as the tree of life Yggdrasil sprouting from the deck of the boat, which is worshiped by an anthropomorphic figure interpreted as a Viking. The present scientific work has widely direct and indirect analogies of Scandinavian origin from the Bronze to the Viking Age. The methodology of this research includes a deep and extensive comparative analysis of the motif elements on the surface of the war hatchet. The work makes a deep structural and semantic analysis in the broad context of ancient Germanic sources and previous scientific research on the worldview of the Vikings, reflected in their mythopoetic and mythological concepts and traditions. The ceremonial-battle axe from Răzeni was presumably made and ornamented in the Volga Bulgaria by order of a Viking-man, and then got in the borderland of Ancient Rus in the area of the Bugeac steppe of the Dniester-Prut interfluve of territory of present-day Republic of Moldova. The ceremonial-battle axe could have been brought in Bugeac steppe of the Dniester-Prut interfluve by means of circulation the international water arteries “from the Varangians to the Persians” along the Volga river, and “from the Varangians to the Greeks” along the Dniester river. The uniqueness of the ornamented war hatchet from Republic of Moldova is due to the fact that it is the first find of this type of axes in the Dniester-Prut interfluve of modern Republic of Moldova, and this axe no have direct analogies in eastern Europe. The early medieval ceremonial battle axe decorated with silver, contain the image of Old Norse cosmogonic representations in a stylized motif form on the surface of the hatchet. The unique item that captures the combination and interaction of different cultures at the junction of their intersection in the Medieval world.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67775777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cynthia and Propertius, Haemon and Antigone: Prop. 2. 8, 21–24","authors":"Kristina S. Rossiyanova","doi":"10.21638/spbu20.2022.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2022.207","url":null,"abstract":"The piece deals with the interpretation of Prop. 2. 8. 21–24. These verses seem to be problematic and illogical over the years. In the poem, the speaker, deserted by his beloved Cynthia, imagines himself dead and then describes the heroine’s reaction to this disastrous event. Propertius thinks that she will be happy about his death and defile his grave. Then he suddenly turns to Haemon, who commits suicide in despair of the Antigone’s death, and after that threatens Cynthia to kill her. Firstly, it is incorrect to compare the righteous Antigone with the unfaithful Cynthia. Secondly, the decision to kill the beloved is inept. Some scholarstranspose the verses in order to avoid the incoherence. Others try to interpret the passage, leaving the lines in their initial order, but they usually think that Propertius compares himself with Haemon and Cynthia with Antigone. The author of the article reconsiders gender roles in this comparison and suggests a new interpretation. There are also some examples from the Catullan and Propertian poetry, which show that the gender-inverted comparisons are widely used in ancient literature and especially in Roman love poetry of the 1st century B. C., in which they, probably, are part of a new literary strategy.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82020127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appetite for Mazzards: Referencing History in the Pliny’s HN 15. 102","authors":"B. Kołoczek","doi":"10.21638/spbu20.2022.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2022.115","url":null,"abstract":"The following analysis concerns Pliny’s excursus on mazzard (sweet cherry) cultivation in Rome in the Book 15 of the Historia naturalis. Pliny links their introduction and spread to the conquests of the Roman army under the command of illustrious general and bon vivant L. Licinius Lucullus. The confrontation of Pliny’s narrative with other sources, as well as with the findings of contemporary researchers, indicate that Lucullus could not have been the first discoverer of the mazzard and the chronological information Pliny gives should be treated with special caution. Most relevantly, Athenaeus of Naucratis invoked the same tradition, according to which Lucullus was also the author of the name of the mazzard (Greek κεράσια, Latin cerasia), to mock the tendency of the Romans to attribute Greek achievements to themselves. Pliny’s embellished argument, however, aligns perfectly with his Romanocentric and imperialist world picture. As an eminent historian, naturalist and official of the Roman Empire, he used certain passages in his immense encyclopaedia as a departure point to present idealistically the successes of the Roman army and its culture-forming role. In this context, Pliny’s description of the discovery and spread of mazzard cultivation serves as another illustration of the genius of the Romans and the power of their empire.","PeriodicalId":40525,"journal":{"name":"Philologia Classica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79742538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}