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The Dilemmas of Liberal Intervention 自由干预的困境
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200912.0009
J. Kopstein
{"title":"The Dilemmas of Liberal Intervention","authors":"J. Kopstein","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200912.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200912.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This book brings together two important streams of political science that normally do not speak to each other, the broad literature on democratization and the smaller but formidable thinking on the theory and practice of postwar peacebuilding. Since the 1990s, the editors note, the introduction of democracy in the wake of civil war has become standard practice, especially for the international community which has frequently intervened to help end brutal and protracted civil wars, such as those in Kosovo, Afghanistan, Nepal, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The contributors to this book each assess a different facet of this practice and essentially conclude that, while the theory may be appealing, the practice is full of pitfalls. The rough-and-ready theory of the practitioners is simple enough: vote rather than fight. In the jargon of political science, interests can be articulated either through bullets or ballots, and the latter may be the solution to the former. This intuition is backed by a huge empirical literature in international relations theory which generally shows that democracies do not go to war with each other. Or so the theory goes. Whether it translates to the domestic level and to new democracies is unclear and there is a strand of theory that disputes the latter assertion. In either case, whether propounded by a UN bureaucrat or a political science professor, the practice of democratizing war-torn societies is a sobering one and often it seems that democracy and peace seem to work against each other. After all, democracy is a system of institutionalized conflict, and, it stands to reason, the last thing that war-torn societies need is more conflict. In the short run, democracy may actually work against peacebuilding and peacebuilding may require restrictions on basic liberal rights, such as freedom of the press and mass demonstrations. But in the long run, covering the simmering pot may lead it to explode and it is hard for an outsider to get it exactly right.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129179268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The emergence of new politics in Malaysia from consociational to deliberative democracy 马来西亚新政治的出现，从联合民主到协商民主
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200912.0005
M. Sani
{"title":"The emergence of new politics in Malaysia from consociational to deliberative democracy","authors":"M. Sani","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200912.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200912.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has practiced consociational democracy that permits elite deliberation only. However, in the 2008 general election, Malaysian voters almost caused the Barisan Nasional government to be toppled by the opposition. They demanded more participation in policy making, as consociationalism has led to many malpractices in the government such as corruption and cronyism. The demands rose by the opposition, civil society, and new media have forced the government to implement an element of deliberative democracy. Although such deliberative democracy is probably a mask for the real agenda of continued authoritarian deliberation, strong pressures from the people are apt to ensure that deliberative democracy will be effectively practiced in the future.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132615076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Going in the "Right" Direction? Promotion of Democracy in Rwanda Since 1990 走在“正确”的方向上?自1990年以来在卢旺达促进民主
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200907.0003
R. Hayman
{"title":"Going in the \"Right\" Direction? Promotion of Democracy in Rwanda Since 1990","authors":"R. Hayman","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200907.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200907.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Using diplomacy, military intervention, and aid, external actors have played an important role in brokering peace and fostering democracy in Rwanda since 1990. Rwanda is now stable and at peace, with democratic institutions in place. However, concerns about ethnicity and security underpin a democratic system based on consensus, not competition. External intervention has had both positive and negative impacts, leaving donors with limited bargaining power. Governance is important within donor programs, but activities of promoting democracy are limited. Donors appear to accept the general direction in which Rwanda is going with regard to democracy, yet it is questionable that the endpoint is a liberal democracy along Western lines.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133704597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Democracy as a Fortuitous By-product of Independence UN Intervention and Democratization in Namibia 民主是纳米比亚独立、联合国干预和民主化的偶然副产品
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200907.0002
Christof Hartmann
{"title":"Democracy as a Fortuitous By-product of Independence UN Intervention and Democratization in Namibia","authors":"Christof Hartmann","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200907.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200907.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Democratization of Namibia was a more or less fortuitous by-product of independence. Universal suffrage was the rallying cry in the racially dominated system of South African Apartheid rule in Namibia because it equalled independence. It was thus the participatory aspect of democracy which allowed the acceptance of a liberal constitution and a set of democratic institutions. Independence meant that the armed liberation movement simply took over the state. External UN intervention was still crucial in creating a level playing ground for the first free and fair elections. UNTAG success was helped by a clear Chapter VI mandate, decisive leadership, a thinly populated country, and a South African administration which was no longer controlled by hardliners. International negotiations over Resolution 435 started fifteen years before their implementation, and international actors were integral to keeping the parties to its promises. External actors thus played a major and supporting role in the background.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114589856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Objectives on Democratization and Statebuilding in Afghanistan 反恐目标对阿富汗民主化和国家建设的影响
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200907.0008
B. Whitty, H. Nixon
{"title":"The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Objectives on Democratization and Statebuilding in Afghanistan","authors":"B. Whitty, H. Nixon","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200907.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200907.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores how the democratization and statebuilding objectives in Afghanistan were affected by the invasion of 2001 and the counterterrorism objectives adopted by the United States. It outlines the current challenges facing the democratic institutions of Afghanistan and its supporting international actors, including a growing insurgency, a lack of accountability and widespread corruption, and declining legitimacy among the wider Afghan polity. It reviews the background to these challenges, focusing on the pursuit of the Taliban and al Qa'eda under the War on Terror, and the consequences for the wider statebuilding effort: reempowered regional warlords, institutions of state shaped into a highly centralized system dependent on international support, the exclusion of key factions within society, and a resulting unstable political settlement.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122008237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
External Democracy Promotion in Post-Conflict Zones a Comparative-Analytical Framework 冲突后地区的外部民主促进:比较分析框架
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200907.0001
C. Zuercher, Nora Roehner, S. Riese
{"title":"External Democracy Promotion in Post-Conflict Zones a Comparative-Analytical Framework","authors":"C. Zuercher, Nora Roehner, S. Riese","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200907.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200907.0001","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate whether countries can emerge from civil wars as democracies and to what extent and by what means external actors can support such a transition. While the effects of peacebuilding on peace are well documented, there is hardly any investigation of the effects of peacebuilding on peace and democracy. This essay serves as an introduction to a research project hosted by Freie Universitat Berlin on postwar democratization. It intends to give an overview of the relevant literature and to describe the research design. We rely on a qualitative comparative approach, using evidence from nine case studies on postwar democratic transitions in Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Timor-Leste. With the exception of the case study on Macedonia, all case studies are presented in this special issue of the Taiwan Journal of Democracy.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122661293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Bosnia and Herzegovina Statebuilding and Democratization in the Time of Ethnic-Politics and International Oversight 民族政治与国际监督时代的波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那国家建设与民主化
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200907.0005
Kristie D. Evenson
{"title":"Bosnia and Herzegovina Statebuilding and Democratization in the Time of Ethnic-Politics and International Oversight","authors":"Kristie D. Evenson","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200907.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200907.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) remains a state of contradictions that is more a democracy on paper than in practice. International intervention stopped the violent conflict, but the peace treaty designed future state structures around the very ethnic-based power struggles that shaped the conflict. As a result, ethnic-based politics continued to dominate political space in BiH ten years after the Dayton Peace Agreement. These politics, combined with high levels of international oversight through the Office of the High Representative, have distorted the statebuilding process, and often reduced democratization efforts to zero-sum games. Internationally led physical reconstruction has resulted in a basic Bosnian state, but the prioritization of peace over building democratic governance and state capacity has meant that only targeted and sustained international actions have managed to result in some level of domestic elite cooperation and functioning state. It is unclear if the state will eventually gain enough legitimacy to be viable and democratic enough to reach its European integration objectives.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126858246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Democratization in Central Europe 中欧的民主化
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200812.0001
András Bozóki
{"title":"Democratization in Central Europe","authors":"András Bozóki","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200812.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200812.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Democratization in Central Europe is a success story in historical perspective. Twenty years after the spectacular collapse of communism, most countries, which had belonged to the ”buffer zone” between West Germany and the Soviet Union, now belong to the European Union. The transition was relatively short and was characterized by negotiations, self-limiting behavior, and nonviolence of the participants (with the exception of the Romanian revolution). The ideas of 1989 included negative freedom, free market liberalism, consensual democracy, civil society, and the wish to return to Europe, determined by the social, political, and economic legacies of communism. The short transition was followed by a longer and more difficult consolidation, which was parallel with economic restructuring, privatization, and deregulation. The pain of economic transformation was socially accepted as an ”inevitable” part of the process. Social peace could therefore be based on the patience of these societies as well as on the hope to enter NATO and the European Union. In a way, it was an externally driven consolidation. In 2004, most of the Central European countries joined the European Union, which caused a landslide political change in their internal politics. While countries of Central Europe are now inside the EU, which caused some parallel changes in the leadership, the end of post-communism did not seem to bring fundamentally more innovative political elites into the leadership of these societies.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133228398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
"Neighborhood Effects" of Democratization in Europe 欧洲民主化的“邻里效应”
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200812.0002
Berg-Schlosser Dirk
{"title":"\"Neighborhood Effects\" of Democratization in Europe","authors":"Berg-Schlosser Dirk","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200812.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200812.0002","url":null,"abstract":"External factors have received relatively little attention in the broad democratization literature. This essay examines specific ”neighborhood” effects ill the transitions to democracy ill three phases ill Europe concerning, first, Southern Europe, then Central and Eastern Europe, and, finally, the more recent ”color” revolutions. It distinguishes between immediate neighborhood and ”contagion” effects, both on the general population and elite levels, overall European Union attractiveness and specific EU support, and the more general international ”climate.” Some neighborhood effects may be positive ill supporting democratic transitions and consolidation, whereas others may be negative, as, for example, was the case with regard to Russia during the ”Orange Revolution” in Ukraine. It can be shown that distinct patterns of such factors existed during the various phases of these European transitions. In conclusion, some general lessons are drawn from this analysis.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116302131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Civil Society and Democratization in Hong Kong Paradox and Duality 香港市民社会与民主化的悖论与二元性
Taiwan journal of democracy Pub Date : 2008-12-01 DOI: 10.29654/TJD.200812.0007
Ma Ngok
{"title":"Civil Society and Democratization in Hong Kong Paradox and Duality","authors":"Ma Ngok","doi":"10.29654/TJD.200812.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29654/TJD.200812.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Hong Kong is a paradox in democratization and modernization theory: it has a vibrant civil society and high level of economic development, but very slow democratization. Hong Kong's status as a hybrid regime and its power dependence on China shape the dynamics of civil society in Hong Kong. The ideological orientations and organizational form of its civil society, and its detachment from the political society, prevent civil society in Hong Kong from engineering a formidable territory-wide movement to push for institutional reforms. The high level of civil liberties has reduced the sense of urgency, and the protracted transition has led to transition fatigue, making it difficult to sustain popular mobilization. Years of persistent civil society movements, however, have created a perennial legitimacy problem for the government, and drove Beijing to try to set a timetable for full democracy to solve the legitimacy and governance problems of Hong Kong.","PeriodicalId":403398,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan journal of democracy","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124641671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
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