{"title":"Properties of Sandwich Structures With Reinforced Core","authors":"C. Sun, R. S. Hasebe, Y. Hua","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0733","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sandwich panels with a Rohacell core reinforced with composite laminates were constructed. The effective properties of the reinforced core were derived and verified by three point bending tests of a sandwich beam. The equilibrium equations for the sandwich plate with the composite reinforced core were derived. Impact experiment was also conducted by use of a drop tower. Damage modes and levels of damage in sandwich panels containing bare and reinforced Rohacell cores were investigated and compared. Several NDI methods were employed to inspect the damage in the sandwich panel and their merits were compared.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125653130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Minimization of the Periodic Thermoelastic Deformation in Space Structures by Active Loads","authors":"O. Rand, D. Givoli","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0719","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper presents a numerical scheme for the open-loop optimal control of the thermoelastic deformation of space structures. The space structure response and the control loads are assumed to be periodic in time, with a given period. The numerical methodology is based on a finite element-harmonic balance procedure which is tailored with an adequate optimization scheme. Various cost functionals are considered, which involve the elastic deformation of the structure and include penalties on the control magnitudes. The performance of the thermoelastic and control schemes are demonstrated via numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128111913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. R. Tauchert, S. Adali, V. Verijenko, Alexa Richter
{"title":"Minimum Deflection Design of Piezothermoelastic Laminated Composite Plates","authors":"T. R. Tauchert, S. Adali, V. Verijenko, Alexa Richter","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0727","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The converse piezo effect is used to minimize the deflection of a given point for antisymmetrically laminated rectangular plates. The piezoelectric layers are bonded to the top and bottom surfaces of the laminate and are subjected to an electrical field. The deformation generated by the piezo effect counteracts the deflections induced by mechanical and/or thermal loads. Moreover, the ply angles can be used as additional design variables to minimize the deflection. In the numerical examples, the mid-point of the plate is specified as the point deflection of which is to be minimized. It is shown that, depending on the magnitudes of the mechanical and thermal loads, the deflection of this point can be reduced to zero by applying a certain voltage to piezoelectric layers.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129319129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Refined Theory for the Analysis of Sandwich Beams and its Application to Local and Global Stability Investigations","authors":"H. Meyer-Piening","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0737","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An analytical method is proposed to study the local and global instability of three-layered assymmetric sandwich beams with arbitrary relative face thicknesses ranging from very thin faces to a vanishing core height. The method accounts for extensional orthotropy, shear elasticity, Poisson’s ratio effects and lateral compressibility within each layer. As each layer is modelled in an identical manner and all stress and displacement related interface conditions are satisfied, there is no limitation with regard to geometry relations, except for numerical instabilities or convergence criteria. The displacement functions are represented by Fourier series which leads to a set of 12 linear equations for each value of the harmonic m The eigenfunction associated with the minimum load will then represent the (local or global) design buckling (or wrinkling) mode.\u0000 The results can be compared with buckling formulas like that proposed by Hoff [1] or the formula related to a beam on elastic foundation [2], as well as the approximation for Euler columns accounting for shear elasticity. It becomes evident that modifications to the aproximate methods may be suitable for some geometric relations and material properties.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124403574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermomechanical Response of Laminated Flat Panels Featuring Interlaminar Bonding Imperfections","authors":"U. Icardi, M. Sciuva, L. Librescu","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0723","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study the problem of the implications played by the sliding interlaminar imperfections on the static and dynamic non-linear behavior of laminated composite flat panels subjected to thermomechanical loadings is addressed. Towards the end of approaching this problem, a recently developed geometrically non-linear theory of anisotropic composite flat panels featuring interlaminar bonding imperfections is used. A number of results related with the influence of interfacial bonding imperfections on the thermomechanical postbuckling and frequency-load-temperature interaction are supplied and pertinent conclusions are outlined.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"360 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122770573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Fretting Fatigue Crack Nucleation Experiments to Multiaxial Fatigue Theory Life Predictions","authors":"T. Farris","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0745","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fretting is associated with microslip at the interface of contacts experiencing oscillatory loads. One consequence of fretting is the formation and subsequent growth of cracks at the edge of contact, a phenomenon known as fretting fatigue. Fretting fatigue is an important high cycle fatigue failure mechanism in aircraft structural lap joints and turbine blade/disk contacts. A well-characterized, integrated fretting test system has been developed in which both normal and cyclic tangential fretting loads are applied and monitored in conjunction with a bulk load on the specimen. The experimental data includes histories of the three applied forces and a detailed record of the evolution of interfacial friction coefficient, as driven by the surface microslip. The experimental system has been exercised to observe fretting crack nucleation and growth under a wide range of loading conditions in the context of a statistically-designed test matrix. An extensive multiaxial fatigue analysis based on the stress-strain cycle experienced by each point of the bodies subjected to the fretting loads reveals that the critical location for crack formation is the trailing edge of contact, consistent with observations made in the laboratory. The resulting stress-strain cycles are coupled with strain-life theory and literature values of uniaxial fatigue constants to predict fretting fatigue crack nucleation. The data collected for 2024-T351 aluminum alloy correlates very well with this prediction.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124656790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vibration and Flutter Analysis of Stiffened Composite Plate Considering Thermal Effect","authors":"In Lee, I. Oh, Dong-Min Lee","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0716","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Vibration and flutter analyses have been performed for stiffened composite laminated plates considering thermal effect. The FSDT (First order Shear Deformable plate Theory) and Timoshenko beam theory are used for the finite element modeling of a skin panel and stiffeners, respectively. The von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relation is adopted to consider a large deflection due to the thermal buckling loads and severe aerodynamic loads. The first order piston theory is used for the modeling of aerodynamic loads. The temperature distribution is assumed to be constant over the surface and has a thermal gradient through the thickness of the plate. It is assumed that a degradation of the elastic properties of the constituent materials is a function of the temperature field itself. Guyan reduction method is employed to reduce the problem size and computational time. Newton-Rhapson iteration method is used to obtain the postbuckled deflection. Complex eigenvalue solver with LUM/NTF approximation method is used to obtain vibration and flutter characteristics. The effects of various parameters, such as ply orientation, temperature gradient, material property degradation and the stiffening scheme on flutter characteristics are investigated through some numerical examples. The degradation of material properties affects the aero-thermo-postbuckled deflection, vibration characteristics and flutter boundary. The selection of proper stiffening scheme results in great improvements of flutter characteristics of laminated panels without introducing considerable weight penalty.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127825865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scaling Effects in Composite Laminates Under Tensile, Flexural, and Compressive Loading","authors":"D. P. Johnson, Joseph H. Felts, Michael T. Ho","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0709","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It has been demonstrated by several researchers that composite materials exhibit scaling effects both in unidirectional and multidirectional specimens. This has an important impact on the design and manufacture of full scale structures. In the current work, the authors present a wide range of experimental data for scaled composite laminates under tensile, flexural and compressive loading. Data for both blocked ply (so-called ply-level) and distributed ply (so-called sublaminate-level) thickness scaling are presented. Laminates studied include the following stacking sequences: [45/-45/45/-45]s, [45/-45/0/90]s, [45/-45/90/0]s, [45/90/-45/0]s, [45/-45/45/-45/0]s, [45/-45/0/0]s, [90/0/90/0]s. In general, ply-level scaling leads to degraded performance with increased specimen size in all stacking sequences, under all loading conditions. Sublaminate-level scaling also leads to a lowering of strength and strain to failure, although the effect is much less pronounced than in ply-level scaling. Typically, the strength of these specimens decreases by about 5% as the size of the specimens is quadrupled.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133812103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prediction of First Ply Failure in Scaled Cross-Ply Composite Laminates","authors":"K. Jackson","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0705","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous research on scaling effects in composite materials has demonstrated that the stress levels at first ply failure and ultimate failure of composite laminates are dependent on the size of the laminate. In particular, the thickness dimension has been shown to be the most influential parameter in strength scaling of composite coupons loaded in tension. Geometrically and constitutively scaled laminates exhibit decreasing strength with increasing specimen size, and the magnitude of the strength-size effect is a function of both material properties and laminate stacking sequence. Some of the commonly used failure criteria for composite materials such as maximum stress, maximum strain, and tensor polynomial (e.g., Tsai-Wu) cannot account for the strength-size effect In this paper, three concepts are developed and evaluated for incorporating size dependency into failure criteria for composite materials. An experimental program of limited scope was performed to determine the first ply failure stress in scaled cross-ply laminates loaded in tension. Test specimens were fabricated from AS4/3502 graphite-epoxy composite material with laminate stacking sequences of [0°n/90°n/0°n]T where n = 1–6. Two experimental techniques were used to determine first ply failure, defined as a transverse matrix crack in the 90° ply: (1) step loading with dye penetrant x-ray of the specimen at each load interval, and (2) acoustic emission. The best correlation between first ply failure analysis and experimental data was obtained using a modified Weibull approach which incorporated the residual thermal stress and the outer ply constraint, as well as the ply thickness effect A second set of experiments was performed to determine the tensile response and ultimate failure of the scaled cross-ply laminates. The results of these experiments indicated no influence of specimen size on tensile response or ultimate strength.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"450 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114151492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear Analysis of Curved Composite Panels Subjected to Combined Temperature Gradient and Mechanical Loads","authors":"A. Noor, J. Peters","doi":"10.1115/imece1997-0717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0717","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The results of a detailed study of the effect of cutout on the nonlinear response of curved unstiffened panels are presented. The panels are subjected to combined temperature gradient through-the-thickness combined with pressure loading and edge shortening or edge shear. The analysis is based on a first-order shear-deformation Sanders-Budiansky type shell theory with the effects of large displacements, moderate rotations, transverse shear deformation and laminated anisotropic material behavior included. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the generalized displacements and the stress resultants of the panel. The nonlinear displacements, strain energy, principal strains, transverse shear stresses, transverse shear strain energy density, and their hierarchical sensitivity coefficients are evaluated. The hierarchical sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the nonlinear response to variations in the panel parameters, as well as in the material properties of the individual layers. Numerical results are presented for cylindrical panels and show the effects of variations in the loading and the size of the cutout on the global and local response quantities and their sensitivity to changes in the various panel, layer and micromechanical parameters.","PeriodicalId":403237,"journal":{"name":"Analysis and Design Issues for Modern Aerospace Vehicles","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121751876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}