Journal of Moravian History最新文献

{"title":"Peter Boehler’s Universalist Letter","authors":"Jared S. Burkholder","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0129","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although the belief in universalism has been attributed to Peter Boehler since the eighteenth century, the matter has not been clearly documented. However, a letter, written by Boehler and preserved in the Moravian Archives, provides greater clarity as it contains a defense of a future “restitution of all things.” Possibly sent to George Whitefield, the letter detailed in this article not only provides evidence of Boehler’s restorationist beliefs, but also points to the role that universalism may have played in the Moravians’ 1740 schism with Whitefield.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135963361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missionaries and Modernity: Education in the British Empire, 1830–1910","authors":"Jenna M. Gibbs","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0157","url":null,"abstract":"Felicity Jensz’s deeply researched, well-written monograph, Missionaries and Modernity: Education in the British Empire, 1830–1910, is an ambitious, transnational analysis of the “civilizing” imperative of empire, education, and missionizing in both colonies and metropole. Jensz focuses throughout on the confluences yet conflicts between governmental and mission education agendas in diverse geopolitical and chronological colonial contexts. Throughout, she argues for the tension between, on the one hand, “colonial modernity” (a term coined by David Scott to broadly describe colonial governments’ attempts to “modernize” colonial subjects through, for example, voting, political participation and secular education) and, on the other hand, what Jensz dubs “missionary modernity.” Missionary modernity, Jensz posits, was a religious, rather than political, rationale that encompassed the liberal ideas of colonial modernity—“economic independence of individuals . . . universal education, and female emancipation from ‘traditional’ roles” (2–3), yet also transcended those secular goals by making central the goal instilling of “church order and moral discipline to shape non-Europeans into religious subjects” (3). Jensz posits that there was a “constant struggle to reconcile missionary and government ideals” (26), one that manifested in site-specific ways in various colonial and chronological contexts.To illustrate this ongoing struggle between colonial and missionary modernity, she fruitfully hinges her analysis on the intersections between mission directives, governmental institutional organizations, parliamentary activities, and discourses in pivotal axes that include: the Negro Educational Grant and subsequent 1838 parliamentary reports on post-emancipation education in the British West Indies (chap. 1); the Select Committee on Aborigines, founded in 1836–37 to provide oversight of the education and treatment of indigenous people in British settlements such as South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia (chap. 2); the 1860 Liverpool Missionary Conference and its focus on female education (chap. 3); the mid-to-late nineteenth-century secularization of mission schools through colonial governmental interventions in Sri Lanka and elsewhere (chap. 4); and the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference of 1920 (chap. 5). The conflict between the goals of colonial and missionary education peaked at the Edinburgh conference with the findings of a commissioned report compiled by European and Euro-American missionary educators, Education in Relation to the Christianisation of National Life. The report revealed a crisis for missionary education that was galvanized by the increasingly secular education implemented by colonial governments.One of the great strengths of the book is that, while Jensz sustains throughout her overarching argument about the competing ideas of colonial and missionary modernity, she pays nuanced attention to how this plays out disparately in different","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135921929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Babel of the Atlantic","authors":"Emily Eubanks","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0160","url":null,"abstract":"Babel of the Atlantic explores the multilingualism of life in the colonial mid-Atlantic, which many colonists and visitors critically compared to the polyglot, biblical city of Babel. Wiggin and the volume’s contributors reconsider the negative associations of polyglot Pennsylvania, revealing instead the richness of a multicultural, multiethnic place. Beyond demonstrating the pervasiveness of various languages in colonial Pennsylvania and its surroundings, including Delaware, Dutch, English, French, German, and Mohican, the book’s authors highlight the ways translation and language were used to enforce power relations, define communities, and reflect interrelations among the diverse body of speakers in and around Philadelphia. The four parts of the book approach these linguistic processes from an interdisciplinary array of perspectives, including religion, education, race, and material culture.Part I, titled “New Worlds, New Religions,” investigates the languages used in religious disputes, education, and relationships. In chapter 1, Patrick Erben investigates a printed attack on the German printer Christoph Saur to reveal how Benjamin Franklin and William Smith used bilingualism and translation as a tool for simultaneously coercing and assimilating German immigrants. Studying the social efforts and theological teachings of the Moravian communities in British North America, Craig Atwood’s chapter demonstrates how the multilingualism and ecumenism of Moravians was considered a threat to established European cultural, racial, ethnic, gender, and sexuality norms. Katherine Faull continues the focus on Moravians by mapping the movements and networks of four Moravian women missionaries. By tracing the migrations and social lives of these women, Faull highlights how their everyday work facilitated cultural and linguistic translation in the Susquehanna Valley, particularly through their personal relationships with Native women.In Part II, Jürgen Overhoff and Wolfgang Flügel investigate the ways educational institutions and pastoral practices contributed to the preservation of German language and culture. Tracing how the founders of the nondenominational University of Pennsylvania modeled the school’s high level of discipline and prioritization of modern languages on European universities, Overhoff argues that the promotion of modern languages over biblical languages reflected a broader agenda to foster multilingual, American citizens. In chapter 5, Flügel explores how Lutheran pastors grappled with a loss of the German language among their German congregants in the late eighteenth century. In the increasingly multilingual world of early Pennsylvania, their adoption of the local English language reflected broader trends of German identity that had grown increasingly separated from linguistic affiliations and more closely tied to conceptions of ethnicity.Part III, “Languages of Race and (Anti-)Slavery,” begins with Katharine Gerbner’s study on German and ","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135963353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spangenberg’s 1760 Letter about Slaveholding in St. Thomas and Bethlehem","authors":"Scott Paul Gordon, Josef Köstlbauer","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0143","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article offers a transcription and translation of August Gottlieb Spangenberg’s important letter (1760) about slavery and slaveholding in St. Thomas and in Bethlehem. A full translation of this letter has never been published.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136117812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slavery in Bethlehem: Difference and Indifference in Northampton County’s Moravian Settlements","authors":"Scott Paul Gordon","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.2.0077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article offers a new history of slavery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: how enslaved men and women were brought to Bethlehem, who owned these enslaved men and women, how some became free, and whether the lives of enslaved Moravians differed from those of free Moravians. The prevailing account states that the Moravian congregation itself purchased enslaved men and women soon after Bethlehem was settled to augment its labor force. But most Afro-Moravians got to Bethlehem, this article shows, through a haphazard process that the congregation did not manage: enslavers (Moravians elsewhere) sent men, women, and children to Bethlehem or brought them when they moved to the backcountry community. Moravian authorities claimed that there was “no difference” in Bethlehem between these enslaved people and White Moravians. The archive that the congregation produced tends to reinforce that view: church registers, membership catalogs, diaries, and memoirs are mostly silent, for instance, about individuals’ legal status. But amplifying voices that have been overlooked of enslaved and free Afro-Moravians, as well as exploring the neglected 1780 Register of enslaved persons in Northampton County, reveals that differences based on race shaped the lives of people of African descent in Bethlehem and Northampton County’s other Moravian communities.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136117947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jens Haven (1724–1796) and Captain James Cook (1728–1779) in Newfoundland","authors":"Hans J. Rollmann","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Jens Haven, a former missionary to Greenland, established contact with Inuit from Labrador in 1764. Governor Palliser of Newfoundland saw in Haven's missionary efforts an opportunity to improve the hitherto hostile relations between the English and Inuit. On his exploration journey, Haven met Captain James Cook near Quirpon on Newfoundland's Great Northern Peninsula and stayed on his ship. Governor Palliser's recommendation of Jens Haven to English naval officers in Newfoundland and Labrador provides the context for Haven's dealings with Captain James Cook. Haven sought to demonstrate throughout the journey his British loyalty. He also found confirmation for an ethnic kinship between Inuit in Labrador and Greenland. The missionary's relations with Captain Cook are explored here fully by considering all extant archival materials available for the trip, including the German records that he kept from British authorities as well as a later reflection about the trip in 1784.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"23 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44271941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herrnhut: The Formation of a Moravian Community, 1722–1732: Pietist, Moravian, and Anabaptist Studies, Herrnhut 1722–1732. Entstehung und Entwicklung einer philadelphischen Gemeinschaft: Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Pietismus, 67","authors":"Alexander Schunka","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48343776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sounding Moravian Identity at the Salem Centennial of 1866","authors":"Ryan M. Malone","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0043","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In January 1866, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, began formulating plans to celebrate the community's centennial. Cognizant of their restrained financial resources in the wake of the American Civil War, the community resolved to \"get up a celebration in every respect, both outwardly and inwardly.\" While organizers' visions revealed novel approaches to many aspects of the two-day-long affair, Edward Leinbach's approach to the musical components of the celebration bore out in ways that left enduring marks on a community in need of revitalization, growth, and a renewed sense of community. While dutifully honoring the past, the program Leinbach devised and executed performed Moravianism in distinctly new ways that foreshadowed the cultivation of a postbellum Southern Moravian identity.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"23 1","pages":"43 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45849507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Letters of Mary Penry: A Single Moravian Woman in Early America ed. by Scott Paul Gordon (review)","authors":"Jared S. Burkholder","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"23 1","pages":"73 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47637908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performing Music from Moravian Collections","authors":"C. Ekström","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.23.1.0015","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:A significant amount of historical musical repertoire primarily from the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries exists in collections of the Moravian Church. This is a resource for extended knowledge of music aesthetics' of the Moravian Church, as well as for historical music in a wider perspective. This article focuses on musical performance practices and proposes a theoretical framework that can promote a performance taking into account significant aspects of the social context. Key concepts include emotion for feelings per se, emotional community for a collective where participants developed and shared a matrix for emotions and emotive as an operational concept in the work process of the musical performance. The concepts are motivated by the emphasis on the affective dimension in the spirituality. Finally, a suite of three duets with instrumental accompaniment by Christian Gregor serves as an example of application of emotive in the process of preparing a musical performance.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"23 1","pages":"15 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49646345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}