Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Percepción y conocimiento ambiental como base para una estrategia de ecoturismo en un área protegida urbana de Bogotá (Colombia) (Perception and Environmental Knowledge as the Basis for an Ecotourism Strategy in a Protected Urban Area of Bogotá (Colombia))","authors":"J. Baquero Rojas, Angela Parrado Rosselli","doi":"10.18601/01207555.n29.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n29.13","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: En el Parque Ecológico Distrital de Montaña Entrenubes, ubicado en Bogotá (Colombia), el turismo de naturaleza es uno de sus principales usos. Sin embargo, a pesar de una gran afluencia de visitantes al área, no se han desarrollado estrategias de ecoturismo propiamente dichas; más aún, aunque esta área protegida surgió como iniciativa de las mismas comunidades locales, que la consideran un espacio de recreación, también se presentan múltiples problemas, como construcción de asentamientos ilegales, minería y usos del suelo no sostenibles. Por tal razón, por medio de mapeo participativo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de discusión con personas de las localidades aledañas y visitantes, se identificaron los valores, el conocimiento y los actores que inciden sobre esta área protegida, con el fin de dar lineamientos para una real estrategia de ecoturismo de base comunitaria. Los resultados muestran que el mayor valor es el ambiental, seguido por el recreativo. Sin embargo, el conocimiento local acerca de la flora y la fauna del parque es muy bajo si se compara con listados e inventarios de la zona. Se identificó una gran apropiación del parque por parte de las comunidades aledañas, principalmente por la localidad de San Cristóbal. Lo anterior, sumado a la presencia de 21 actores que inciden de forma diferencial en esta área protegida, sugiere que hay un gran potencial para el desarrollo de una real estrategia de ecoturismo de base comunitaria, tal y como ha ocurrido en diferentes áreas protegidas de grandes urbes alrededor del mundo. English Abstract: At the Entrenubes Mountain Ecological Park, located in Bogotá, Colombia, nature-based tourism is one of the main activities. However, despite a large influx of visitors to the area, ecotourism strategies themselves have not been developed. Furthermore, although this protected area arises as an initiative of the same local communities that use it as a recreation space, there are multiple on going conflicts such as the construction of illegal settlements, mining and the unsustainable use of land. Hence, the main values, knowledge and stakeholders involved were identified through participatory mapping, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with local communities and visitors in order to provide general guidelines for a future community-based ecotourism strategy. Results showed that the environmental value was the most important, closely followed by the recreational value. Nevertheless, local knowledge on the park’s flora and fauna was very low compared to lists and inventories of the area. A high sense of ownership was identified among local communities, mainly by the San Cristobal village. The foregoing, coupled with 21 stakeholders somehow involved with the park, suggests great possibility for developing a real community-based ecotourism strategy, as has occurred in other urban protected areas of major cities around the world.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115667752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Korea’s Poverty Reduction Strategy During its Middle-Income Stage of Development","authors":"Ipchita Bharali, I. Gill","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3782828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3782828","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is one of three country studies of successful anti-poverty measures during upper-middle-income levels, the other two being Japan and the United States. South Korea may well be the most successful case of economic development in recorded history. Within two generations, it was transformed from a post-conflict country to a post-industrial society that has low poverty rates, high per capita income levels, and close to the highest educational attainment, health outcomes and living standards in the world. The paper attributes South Korea’s success in reducing poverty to a sequenced combination of measures aimed at agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods, export-oriented industrialization and urbanization, and early and sustained investments in human capital. It provides details that may be useful for formulating anti-poverty strategies middle-income countries that are on the cusp of high-income.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130871101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal Sociology of Agricultural Functions in the Area of the Former Peatland Project, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Alimantan","authors":"Mr Alfian","doi":"10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural land conversion must be controlled. The way to do this is by making spatial plans that accommodate the sustainability of agricultural lands to support national food security. The spatial plan must be supported by regulations both at the national and regional levels as a policy that is more operational to prevent or control conversion of agricultural land. The control strategy is through regulations that can suppress and control the rate of land use change and stakeholder views on the existence of policy regulations and legal instruments (laws and regulations), economic instruments (incentives, disincentives, compensation) and zoning (restrictions on the conversion of agricultural land functions). Each regency must determine the area of sustainable food-producing agricultural land, namely agricultural land that is protected and developed to produce staple food. Operational activities to prevent or control the conversion of agricultural land are carried out based on sustainable food agriculture land planning which includes: (1) Sustainable food agriculture areas, (2) Sustainable food agricultural land, and (3) Sustainable food agriculture land reserves.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Poultry Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Using Fly Larvae Meal as Protein Source to Feed Local Chickens in Benin","authors":"S. Pomalégni, C. P. Kpadé, D. Gbemavo, V. Clottey, M. Kenis, G. Mensah","doi":"10.13128/BAE-7671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/BAE-7671","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimated poultry farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for fly larvae meal as animal protein source to feed local chickens in Benin. A double-bounded contingent valuation approach was used to collect data from 480 poultry farmers, and an interval regression model was performed. We found that 82.10% of poultry farmers are willing to pay for using fly larvae meal. The average WTP was estimated at FCFA/kg 225.10 (€/kg 0.34), indicating a potential and reliable demand in fly larvae meal. Our analysis suggests that public actions can sensitize poultry farmers and support innovative small companies to produce and market fly larvae meal.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114218496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Substance and Content of Farmers’ Rights – A Framework?","authors":"C. Lawson, Edwin Bikundo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3457058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3457058","url":null,"abstract":"This report proposes a framework for realising the substance and content of Farmers’ Rights. The framework involves a Hohfeldian analysis of jural relations (analytical jurisprudence) to clarify the right and avoid ambiguity in terminology and slippage and blending between different ideas – helping us in how to think and not what to think. This analytical framework will also clarify the different economic and political implications that follow from the favoured legal relationship and the way that is reflected in domestic laws. A list of rights is also identified from a review of the existing work and effort put into dealing with Farmers’ Rights both within the formal Plant Treaty forums and by institutions and individuals contributing to realising Farmers’ Rights, and existing rights instruments such as the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas and other relevant rights instruments. By identifying the rights and then the kinds of legal (jural) relationship, future work can more reasonably set out in appropriate rights language the substance and content of Farmers’ Rights. This will, of course, require the appropriate consultations and negotiations. This report merely provides a starting point for a substantive rights discussion and an analytical framework that might be useful.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127919514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential conflicts between agricultural trade rules and climate change treaty commitments","authors":"C. Häberli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3123036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123036","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change – among its many other challenges – also impacts on conditions of competition along the whole food value chain. This article posits that many mitigation and adaptation policies imply a differentiation between otherwise identical products with different climate footprints. Where imports are affected, there is a potential for trade frictions. The main issue appears to be a climate-smart treatment of so-called ‚non-product-related like products.‘ Now that national governments start implementing their commitments under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, they have to closely look at the trade and investment impact of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The NDC presently available remain silent on concrete measures involving product differentiation according to footprint differences, by way of border adjustment measures, subsidies, prohibitions, or restrictions. The non-discrimination principle enshrined in the multilateral trading system can be a problem for such differentiations. No climate-smart agricultural measures have as yet been notified to the WTO. But several renewable energy programmes have been found to violate WTO rules. Potential problems could arise, for instance, from differentiating tariffs, import restrictions or taxes according to climate footprint. Conditions of competition might even be affected by labels signalling products with a bigger footprint, or through subsidies and incentives compensating domestic producers subject to emissions reductions, prohibitions, and input restrictions. A second major problem lies in the way the Paris Agreement and the WTO address the Development Dimension. In the Paris Agreement the Development Dimension is addressed by the notion of Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR), leaving basically all Parties free on how to take development into account in their NDC. On the other side, the so-called 'Special and Differentiated Treatment' (SDT) foreseen in all WTO agreements for developing country products and services appears incapable to deal with the global impact of all emissions, regardless of their origin, or with the negative impact on developing country exports to climate-smart markets in developed countries. \u0000 \u0000In conclusion we suggest that a review of the climate-relevant trade and investment rules is necessary at the international level, involving climate, agriculture and trade regulators, supported by scientific, economic and legal expertise. The purpose of this review is to avoid litigation jeopardising the implementation of the Paris Agreement. At the same time, such a review must be wide-ranging, because the objective is to ensure maximum policy space for climate mitigation and adaptation without negatively impacting on other countries, or unduly restricting trade and investment, especially in poor developing countries. Last but not least, this intergovernmental and inter-institutional review is urgent, because the results should provide as quickly as","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129823327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New League for the Indian Agriculture - Advent of Intellectual Property Rights","authors":"P. Mahajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2843677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2843677","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of the new knowledge economy, the old and some of the existing management constructs and approaches would have to change. Intellectual property rights (IPR) have become important in the face of changing trade environment which is characterized by the following features namely global competition, high innovation risks, short product cycle, need for rapid changes in technology, high investments in research and development (R&D), production and marketing and need for highly skilled human resources. Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which, for centuries, has shaped the thought, the outlook, the culture and economic life of the people of India. The importance of the agricultural sector as a source of food, incomes, employment and often foreign exchange cannot be overstated. As much as good health, a productive and sustainable agricultural sector is critical to achieving economic growth and poverty reduction. The recognition of agriculture as a rule-bound enterprise of investment and profit making became obvious with its inclusion in the intergovernmental negotiations for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for the first time in the Uruguay Round (1986-1994). This round led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 1995. Now, the WTO has at least half a dozen intergovernmental agreements that directly affect agriculture. These are Agreements on Agriculture (AoA), Applications of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Anti-Dumping, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Safeguards, and Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs).","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116034313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Малый и Средний Бизнес в Сельском Хозяйстве России: Проблемы Идентификации (Small and Medium Business in Agricultural Industry of Russia: Identification Problems)","authors":"Natalia Shagaida","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2658000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2658000","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Обсуждаются проблемы статистического учета субъектов малого и среднего предпринимательства в экономике. Особое внимание уделено сельскому хозяйству, где существенная часть товарной продукции (65%) производится субъектами малого и среднего предпринимательства. Приводятся оценки фактической доли малых предприятий в отрасли. Отмечается, что, федеральный закон «О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Российской Федерации» требует внесения целого ряда принципиальных поправок.English Abstract: Problems of the statistical recording of subjects of a small and average entrepreneurship in economy are discussed. Special attention is paid to agricultural industry.Estimates of the actual share of small enterprises in branch are given. It is noted that, the federal law \"About Development of Small and Average Business in the Russian Federation\" demands introduction of a number of basic amendments.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intellectual Property and the Right to Adequate Food: A Critical African Perspective","authors":"Chidi Oguamanam","doi":"10.3366/AJICL.2015.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/AJICL.2015.0133","url":null,"abstract":"Less developed countries, especially those in Africa, are buffeted by a complex combination of factors in their bid to realize the right to adequate food pursuant to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Integral to that right are the ideas of freedom from hunger, poverty eradication, food security and food sovereignty. A number of factors assailing the realization of the right to adequate food in Africa include extreme weather conditions, via climate change dynamics; dysfunctional governments, political corruption, infrastructural deficits, and gaps in food and agricultural policies. Less obvious factors with potential to undermine the right to food include intellectual property and free trade; transformations in agricultural innovations and production, such as genetic modifications, monoculture and globalization of large scale industrial agriculture, intensification of mining and extractive industrial activities and, lately, the phenomenon of land grab. This article revisits the context for the introduction of IP in agriculture and the interplay of these enumerated factors and maps them onto the work of UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its elaboration of the right to adequate food. It argues that even in the perceived negative impacts on the right to food of international IP and trade law obligations of African states, they still have the leverage to insist upon and to develop context-sensitive agricultural policies in the service of human right to adequate food by drawing inspiration from other developing countries that have maintained the primacy of the right to health over unfavorable patent laws.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127466777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Breeder's Exemption Under the 1991 International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties and the Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Nagoya Protocol","authors":"C. Lawson","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2626689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2626689","url":null,"abstract":"The 1991 International Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV 1991) provides for a breeder’s exemption allowing the protected plant variety to be used to breed new varieties. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol provide a scheme for access plant materials (genetic resources) that might be used for breeding new varieties and details an obligation to share any benefits. This article shows that while the CBD and Nagoya Protocol and UPOV 1991 operate separately, in their implementation in domestic laws the CBD/Nagoya Protocol access and benefit-sharing contracts can limit the UPOV 1991’s breeder’s exemption, restricting further breeding of new varieties.","PeriodicalId":402695,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117261379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}