{"title":"Critical Embedded Software","authors":"P. Garoche","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691181301.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181301.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the current state of physical systems controlled by an onboard computer. Typically this covers transportation systems such as cars, aircraft, railway systems, space systems, or even medical devices, all of them either for the expected harmfulness for people, or for the huge cost associated with their failure. The chapter shows how the increase of computer use in those systems has led to huge benefits, but also an exponential growth in complexity. Furthermore, the drawback of this massive introduction of computers to control systems is the lack of predictability for both computer and software. This chapter shows how the aerospace industry, and more generally critical embedded systems industries, is now facing a huge increase in the software size in their systems. This in turn creates a greater system complexity increase because of safety or performance objectives. Moreover, this complexity leads to the need to integrate even more advanced algorithms to sustain autonomy and energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":402448,"journal":{"name":"Formal Verification of Control System Software","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129281141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Definitions—Background","authors":"P. Garoche","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the formalisms describing discrete dynamical systems and gives an overview on the convex optimization tools and methods used to compute the analyses. A dynamical system is a typical object used in control systems or in signal processing. In some cases, it is eventually implemented in a program to perform the desired feedback control to a cyber-physical system. Language-wise, model-based languages such as LUSTRE, ANSYS SCADE, or MATLAB Simulink provide primitives to build these dynamical systems or controllers relying on simpler constructs. In terms of programs, such dynamical systems can easily be implemented as a “while true loop” initialized by the initial state and performing the update f. The simplest systems are usually directly coded in the target language, while more advanced systems are compiled through autocoders.","PeriodicalId":402448,"journal":{"name":"Formal Verification of Control System Software","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129860774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Floating-point Semantics of Analyzed Programs","authors":"P. Garoche","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on floating-point semantics. It first outlines these semantics. The chapter then revisits previous results and adapts them to account for floating-point computations, assuming a bound on the rounding error is provided. A last part focuses on the approaches to bound these imprecisions, over-approximating the floating-point errors. Here, provided bounds on each variable, computing the floating-point error can be performed with classical interval-based analysis. Kleene-based iterations with interval abstract domain provide the appropriate framework to compute such bounds. This is even simpler in this setting because of the focus on bounding the floating-point error on a single call of the dynamic system transition function, that is, a single loop body execution without internal loops.","PeriodicalId":402448,"journal":{"name":"Formal Verification of Control System Software","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124297747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critical Embedded Software:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":402448,"journal":{"name":"Formal Verification of Control System Software","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130789941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control Systems","authors":"J. Pommaret","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv80cd4v.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter sketches the typical development of control systems and refers the reader to classical books for more details on control system design. Historically, control design started in the continuous world: a system had to be controlled, and its dynamics was captured by the equations of physics, for example, using ordinary differential equations. Then, control theory provides means to build a controller: another system, used in combination with the system to be controlled, is able to move the system to the requested state. The chapter thus begins by presenting a typical process leading to the development of a controller in the aerospace domain. It then gives an idea of each step.","PeriodicalId":402448,"journal":{"name":"Formal Verification of Control System Software","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131410174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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