{"title":"\"Becoming an Instrument for the Symbols of Beauty\": Zelda Fitzgerald and Ballet","authors":"Meryl Cates","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0088","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:When Zelda Fitzgerald resumed her ballet training in her mid-twenties, it was with an urgent resolve to become a respected professional dancer. At its best, Zelda's intensity toward her lessons and the art form is acknowledged as a fierce determination to express herself; at its worst, it is regarded as obsession and a fast track toward mental deterioration. Her devotion to ballet is often examined from the angle of her homelife and her familial obligations, and a significant misconception is that she became destructively isolated during this period. The culture of the dance studio, the structured environment of her daily ballet classes, and the relationships she developed—including her devotion to her teacher Lubov Egorova—grant an alternative perspective and understanding of her deeply passionate pursuit. It is alongside the star dancers of the 1920s that Zelda trained, and she was swept into the new wave of ballet with daring and spectacular works by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes alongside the reinvigoration of the Paris Opera Ballet. These experiences, and the sensation of her body in poetic movement, remained with Zelda well after she physically put ballet behind her and focused on her many other passions.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"104 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47271408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"A Good Man for Structure\": Autobiographical Dimensions in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Pat Hobby Stories","authors":"Dennis M. Read","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the Pat Hobby stories, F. Scott Fitzgerald crafts a comic rendition of what the public came to take him for: a washed-up drunk. Scholars have not recognized the autobiographical dimensions in both the character and the stories, or, more significantly, Fitzgerald's own feelings of guilt and self-recrimination in framing a richly comic, if bitter, portrayal of the movie industry. This article details how Fitzgerald drew from his own experiences and other writings to cover the same emotional terrain as his 1936 \"Crack-Up\" series of confessional essays, first published in Esquire, replacing their self-pity and bombastic language with the redemption of humor.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"164 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gatsby's Third Car: Celebrity, Modernity, and the Automobile","authors":"Deborah Clarke","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article argues that Gatsby's \"circus wagon\" car is not a Rolls-Royce but a custom-built car. Acknowledging the existence of a custom car aligns Gatsby with celebrity culture and modernist instability, and it highlights the role of the automobile in shaping identity. The ostentatious vehicle reflects a desperate attempt to claim uniqueness and authenticity in a world increasingly defined by Hollywood imagery and Fordist assembly line ideology. By placing Gatsby, through his car, within celebrity culture and linking him to such figures as actor Fatty Arbuckle, the article explores the ways that this ostentatious car reflects his precarious role in the world he seeks to emulate. Drawing on previous scholarship on the novel, on modernist and celebrity theory, and on automobile history, we are reminded that cars are not just symbols or machines; they, like Gatsby, are complex and intricate measures of the self; understanding the vehicle itself—its make, potential cost, and place in modern life—brings greater awareness of the complexity of Fitzgerald's presentation of automobile culture and its interaction with identity.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"204 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42093767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Morrill Cody: Two Degrees of Separation, or the One That Got Away","authors":"Dino J. Caterini","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses the life and works of Morrill Cody (1901–1987), a journalist who lived in Paris throughout the 1920s and intimately knew Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and other literary and artistic figures associated with the expatriate modernist movement. Cody should be better known than he is, and this article attempts to elevate his reputation among scholars and Fitzgerald researchers who might not be familiar with his life and works. His 1984 book, The Women of Montparnasse: The Americans in Paris (with Hugh Ford), is a personal but seminal work that concentrates on the women who played leading and important roles in 1920s Paris. Cody later became a cultural diplomat who organized a celebrated exhibit in Paris in 1959 on \"The Writers of Paris\" that a number of figures from the 1920s attended. Cody's papers were donated to Amherst College and contain letters from Hemingway to Cody as well as other celebrated figures from the 1920s, such as Sylvia Beach, Djuna Barnes, Kay Boyle, and others.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"72 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45486812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Styled Madness: Fitzgerald's \"Nightmare (Fantasy in Black)\" and Poe's \"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\"","authors":"Nicole J. Camastra","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although no evidence suggests that F. Scott Fitzgerald read Edgar Allan Poe's little-known tale \"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\" (1845), his posthumously published story \"Nightmare (Fantasy in Black)\" offers riveting textual opportunities to read it as a development of Poe's concern for the lunatic, uncontrolled forces within and without the individual that threaten selfhood. Released in 2017 as part of a \"lost stories\" collection, \"Nightmare\" has received little critical attention. It provided some material for Tender Is the Night, but reading it as part of an ominous conversation with Poe positions it as an example of Fitzgerald's darker vision of American ambition: how it cannibalizes the self. This article explores what J. Gerald Kennedy calls the \"imaginative genealogy\" between both writers, first by contextualizing the composition of their respective stories against the backdrop of personal adversity, professional instability, and an American ethos, and then, by comparing key scenes and characters in the texts themselves. \"Nightmare\" and \"Tarr and Fether\" play with the proverbial understanding of reason and madness finally to suggest that, as Fitzgerald's subtitle implies, there is a \"Fantasy\" on the other side of the \"Nightmare.\"","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"143 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44117426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Painting the Pictures: Façades and the Failure to Belong in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Pat Hobby Stories","authors":"Richard Reisinger","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article addresses the concept of exclusion from one's ideal social realm, as seen in the characters of Jay Gatsby and Pat Hobby. Both characters find themselves obsessed with inclusion in groups in which they are not welcome. Gatsby, belonging to the world of new money, is enamored with joining the world of old wealth. Pat Hobby is a has-been; he once thrived in the world of silent film, but failed to transition to the \"talkies.\" Both men exist at the edge of a society that considers them outsiders. When presented with the failure to assimilate and be accepted, each engages in creating a façade that he feels can infiltrate his desired sphere. Gatsby hides behind the mystery of his wealth and the sumptuous parties he hosts. Similarly, Hobby can be considered a chameleon; he adapts his personality and purported skills to match any situation with which he is presented. As with Gatsby, however, his façade is compromised both by inner and outer conflicts, ultimately dramatizing Fitzgerald's belief that our identities are not ours to invent. This article also aims to bring more critical attention to the Hobby stories; often ignored, these tales, when read with sympathy for the much-disparaged protagonist, show Fitzgerald's creative and structural genius. In placing these stories in dialogue with Fitzgerald's magnum opus, the comparisons elevate these later efforts by showing that they share with The Great Gatsby an exploration of self-hood and performativity.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"181 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48506528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A \"Comer\" or a \"Second-Rater\"? Fitzgerald's Encounters with Michael Arlen","authors":"P. Ward","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Michael Arlen was one of the most successful popular novelists of the interwar period, even appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1927. Best known in his day for the novel The Green Hat (1924), he lived intermittently in Paris in the later 1920s, where he encountered American expatriates, including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. This article examines his relationship with Fitzgerald, presenting the material in chronological order. The relationship took two forms: meetings between the two men (only two of which are documented, although they must surely have met on other occasions as well) and reception by Fitzgerald of Arlen's work. Fitzgerald showed early familiarity with Arlen's writings, even suggesting that Arlen was in some sense his successor and someone from whom he and Hemingway might learn. At the same time, he identified faults with Arlen's writing and by the end of the 1920s declared him \"second-rate.\" Arlen himself borrowed motifs from The Great Gatsby for his novel Men Dislike Women (1931) but left no memoir of his personal contacts with Fitzgerald.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"56 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43787607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"To be young, gifted, and black\": Making The Great Gatsby Relevant to Black, Indigenous, and Students of Color","authors":"Alexandra J. Howes","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0231","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Great Gatsby is a seminal novel in American high-school classrooms, and although educators should be aware of assigning diverse texts equitably on their syllabi, Fitzgerald's 1925 classic is a part of the traditional canon of literature with modern relevance. Gatsby can be made relatable to all students, especially students who are Black, Indigenous, or People of Color (BIPOC) through various pedagogies: immersive history, Socratic discussions, debates, and other engaging activities. In a world of smartphones and mass media, embracing students' predilections for screen time through film with Baz Luhrmann's 2013 adaptation is also a beneficial approach. Taking a racial justice approach to the novel will also help create a classroom space for students of varying racial, ethnic, and social backgrounds to discuss current events related to the murder of George Floyd, the protests and rebellion across the United States, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Jay Gatsby mirrors the lives of many teenagers who navigate a society that attempts to put them in their place based on their racial/ethnic backgrounds. As the rift between the \"inside\" society of white privilege and financial stability and the \"outside\" world of diverse, working-class Americans widens, The Great Gatsby should remain a staple text of American classrooms.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"231 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"The Scandal Detectives\": Town Topics and F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1916–23","authors":"S. Churchwell","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Scholars have long known that when F. Scott Fitzgerald describes Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby as a consumer of a gossip magazine called \"Town Tattle,\" he was making a thinly veiled reference to a real magazine called Town Topics. Perhaps the most infamous scandal sheet in the history of American periodicals, this forerunner of contemporary tabloids ran for nearly fifty years (1879–1937). Especially under the 1891–1920 editorship of its colorful owner, Colonel William d'Alton Mann, Town Topics blackmailed members of the Four Hundred, the wealthiest of American families, to keep embarrassing insinuations about sexual identity, adultery, parentage, and abortion (among other \"unmentionable\" aspects of social life) off of its pages. In 1905, the magazine's modus operandi became a national sensation when Emily Post's husband, Edwin, refused an extortion demand, resulting in a headline-grabbing court case. Mann also founded The Smart Set, the magazine that eventually, after the Colonel sold it off, published Fitzgerald's earliest stories. Fitzgerald himself made fourteen appearances in Town Topics between 1916 and 1923, the most significant of which involve the celebrity that he and his wife, Zelda Sayre, acquired amid the success of This Side of Paradise in 1920. These references, along with the history of Town Topics, expand our understanding of the significance of \"Town Tattle\" in Gatsby, revealing that Mann's notorious publication was not just a \"New York gossip magazine,\" as critics have suggested, but one with national reach, whose propensity for travestying its subjects provided an agency essential to self-making in the social economy of a rapidly transforming United States and renders its appearance in The Great Gatsby far more meaningful than scholars have yet appreciated.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45187267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"Winter Dreams\": A Message to Ginevra King","authors":"H. Kruse","doi":"10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/FSCOTFITZREVI.18.1.0128","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:\"A sort of 1st draft of the Gatsby idea\" (Life in Letters 121), F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1922 short story \"Winter Dreams\" is an assessment of his romance with Ginevra King, his first love. This article explores the wealth of direct and indirect, as well as outright arcane, references to facts and incidents in the lives of Fitzgerald and King and their relationship. It argues that in their complexity these references make sense only if the story is read as the author's deliberate message to Ginevra, devised in continuation of their erstwhile exchange of bits of fiction written for and about each other to discuss aspects of their relationship. An extraneous reference to the autobiographical hero's Bohemian immigrant mother—wholly incompatible with the author's biography—likewise points beyond the fictive world of the story and acknowledges the example of Willa Cather, whose novel My Ántonia (1918) had helped Fitzgerald to conceive and shape his own story of Midwestern experience.","PeriodicalId":40217,"journal":{"name":"F Scott Fitzgerald Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"128 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49036266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}