University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences最新文献_第2页

A New Dimension of Health Care: The Benefits, Limitations and Implications of Virtual Medicine 医疗保健的新维度：虚拟医学的好处、局限性和意义

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37034

Kesha Shah, Ana Tomljenovic-Berube

{"title":"A New Dimension of Health Care: The Benefits, Limitations and Implications of Virtual Medicine","authors":"Kesha Shah, Ana Tomljenovic-Berube","doi":"10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37034","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Virtual medicine has been rapidly evolving over the past several decades. However, obstacles such as data security, inadequate funding and limited technological resources have hindered its seamless incorporation into the health care system. The recent pandemic has induced a widespread adoption of virtual care practices to remove the need for physical meetings between patients and health care practitioners. \u0000Purpose: This literature review aims to examine the current state of virtual medicine amid the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate the benefits, limitations and implications of continuing technological advancements in the future. \u0000Findings: Most of the available literature suggests that the recent adoption of virtual medicine has allowed practitioners to cut down on costs and secondary expenses while maintaining the quality of medical care services. Due to the growing consumer demand, researchers predict that virtual medicine may be a viable modality for patient care post-pandemic. However, concerns surrounding patient security and digital infrastructure threaten the ability of virtual medicine to provide quality and effective health care. Additionally, rural virtual medicine programs face challenges in expanding services due to the scarcity of information and communication technology specialists and inadequate funding. Comprehensive legislation and governance standards must be implemented to ensure proper data security and privacy. Additional funds may also be required to train staff, reform current digital software and improve the quality of service. The proliferation of advanced technologies and improvements in current platforms will enable more providers to render virtual medical care services.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42906753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Effects of Commercial Freezing on Vitamin Concentrations in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 商业冷冻对菠菜中维生素含量的影响

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37032

K. Samsel, Abizar Meghani

{"title":"The Effects of Commercial Freezing on Vitamin Concentrations in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)","authors":"K. Samsel, Abizar Meghani","doi":"10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/JULS.V15I1.37032","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial food processing has had a significant impact on reducing food spoilage and increasing accessibility to nutrient-dense vegetables. The commercial freezing process, in particular, has given producers the ability to store vegetables with minimized risk of microbial and enzymatic spoilage. Despite the effectiveness of freezing as a preservation method, there is evidence that pre-freezing procedures and prolonged storage can reduce the concentration of vitamins present within certain vegetables. Spinach, one of the most widely produced and consumed vegetables, is particularly susceptible to nutrient loss during the commercial freezing process due to its large surface area and high mineral content. This review summarizes the known effects of the freezing process on hydrophilic and lipophilic vitamins including vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol. There are two key mechanisms that lead to decreased vitamin concentrations, with the first being attributed to pre-freezing processes including washing and blanching which favours the leaching of hydrophilic vitamins. The second mechanism of vitamin loss is attributed to residual enzymatic activity during storage, where the degree of residual activity can be partially attributed to differences in blanching protocols and freezing practices. Understanding the mechanisms and extent of vitamin loss that the commercial freezing process imparts on leafy green vegetables can help inform future research on improved food processing methods that minimize nutrient loss. Implementing procedures that maintain nutrient retention in frozen vegetables has the potential to assist individuals in achieving their recommended daily intakes of micronutrients.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46276792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mice, Models, Microbiota: How Can We More Accurately Reflect Human Disease? 小鼠，模型，微生物群:我们如何更准确地反映人类疾病?

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36811

Rahman Ladak, D. Philpott

{"title":"Mice, Models, Microbiota: How Can We More Accurately Reflect Human Disease?","authors":"Rahman Ladak, D. Philpott","doi":"10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36811","url":null,"abstract":"With growing evidence that human disease is affected by the microbiota, many researchers have sought to modulate the microbiomes of mice to improve translational research. Altering their microbiomes, which are usually germ-free or specific pathogen-free, might allow mice to more accurately model human disease and hence produce more applicable findings. However, this has been difficult to apply to individual projects due to the disparity of explained methods and results. In this review, we first describe the immunological functions of the gut microbiota and the methods of altering mice microbiota, from transplantation route to age of transplantation to microbiota source. We then present an approach for how the gut microbiota might be considered when modelling human disease in mice. By organizing findings by type of disease - neurological, immunological, chronic inflammatory, and cancer - we propose that mouse models can be improved by considering the source of the microbiota, the presence or absence of certain microbial phyla, and by timing the transplantation during a physiologically relevant stage of development, such as the first five weeks of life.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42267502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inconsistent trends regarding the association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections ABO血型与SARS-CoV-2感染易感性之间关系的不一致趋势

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36956

Jasmine Lee, C. Guo

{"title":"Inconsistent trends regarding the association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections","authors":"Jasmine Lee, C. Guo","doi":"10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36956","url":null,"abstract":"ABO antigens, produced from the ABO gene, are known to impact host interactions with various viruses. One characteristic is the host’s susceptibility to viral infections. Host interaction with viral particles is altered by the blood type-determined combination of ABO antigens on the cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of the coronavirus family known to have structural similarities with SARS-CoV. Considering ABO antigens’ association with SARS-CoV, studies have examined their relationship with SARS-CoV-2 as well. We reviewed current perspectives on the relationship between host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections and ABO antigens by examining cohort studies observing proportional differences between patients of varying blood types. While many studies indicated a higher risk of type A patients and a lower risk for type O patients, trends tended to vary per population. Consequently, we investigated the differences in study design between cohort studies that produced the variation in trends. Additionally, we examined genome-wide association studies that indicate a genetic association between the variables. We present the need for a standardized calculation method determining the significance of each blood group in its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility per cohort.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48782076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating Cultural Expression with Universal Emotions: How Cultural Differences in Expression Do Not Refute the Universal Hypothesis 将文化表达与普遍情感相结合：表达中的文化差异如何不反驳普遍假设

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36955

Kyla L. Trkulja

引用次数: 1

Recapping The Latest Vaccine Developments 回顾最新的疫苗发展

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.35982

Atikaran Krishnamoorthy

引用次数: 0

REPLAY: It’s March 11th. Let’s try to fight Covid differently. How would you do it? 今天是3月11日。让我们尝试以不同的方式抗击Covid。你会怎么做?

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36205

Shrey Jain

{"title":"REPLAY: It’s March 11th. Let’s try to fight Covid differently. How would you do it?","authors":"Shrey Jain","doi":"10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/JULS.V15I1.36205","url":null,"abstract":"Suppose you have the ability to go back to March 11th of 2020 - the date the WHO officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic1. \u0000What could have been done differently with respect to digital health product development? \u0000Were domain experts utilized to the best of their abilities? What can we learn from COVID-19 for future public health crises planning? \u0000Digital health data is now, more than ever, deeply influencing our lives. Having robust digital health tools to support public health surveillance is no longer a problem for technocrats. \u0000It’s everyone’s business now. \u0000Through the COVID-19 pandemic, I had the opportunity to lead a digital health startup, Flatten.ca, that focused on collecting symptom data from people in Canada and in Somalia2. This experience led to collaborations with big-tech companies, researchers, government officials, startups, and investors. \u0000Reflecting back on my experiences, I see many flaws in the process by which the North-American community decided to develop and deploy digital health tools. Simply put, a lack of speed and strategically allocated domain expertise hindered our success. Why did Canada take 5 months to launch a contact tracing app and Singapore only 10 days? \u0000This perspective piece aims at answering the questions highlighted above and analyzing the North-American response to build digital health tools as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on. Whether you’re an investor, academic, student, founder, or otherwise involved in the digital health industry, and you’re thinking about how to effectively support product development for future public health crises, this can help better inform where your efforts are best spent.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42497543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two New Discoveries Showing the Human Impact on the Environment 人类对环境影响的两项新发现

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.33137/juls.v15i1.35983

Atikaran Krishnamoorthy

引用次数: 0

The Immunology of COVID-19: Your Questions Answered 新冠肺炎免疫学：您的问题解答

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.33137/JULS.V15I1.35980

M. Profant

引用次数: 0

Impact of Training Sample Size on the Effects of Regularization in a Convolutional Neural Network-based Dental X-ray Artifact Prediction Model 基于卷积神经网络的牙科x射线伪影预测模型中训练样本大小对正则化效果的影响

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University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.33137/juls.v14i1.35883

Adam Adli, P. Tyrrell

{"title":"Impact of Training Sample Size on the Effects of Regularization in a Convolutional Neural Network-based Dental X-ray Artifact Prediction Model","authors":"Adam Adli, P. Tyrrell","doi":"10.33137/juls.v14i1.35883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/juls.v14i1.35883","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Advances in computers have allowed for the practical application of increasingly advanced machine learning models to aid healthcare providers with diagnosis and inspection of medical images. Often, a lack of training data and computation time can be a limiting factor in the development of an accurate machine learning model in the domain of medical imaging. As a possible solution, this study investigated whether L2 regularization moderate s the overfitting that occurs as a result of small training sample sizes.Methods: This study employed transfer learning experiments on a dental x-ray binary classification model to explore L2 regularization with respect to training sample size in five common convolutional neural network architectures. Model testing performance was investigated and technical implementation details including computation times and hardware considerations as well as performance factors and practical feasibility were described.Results: The experimental results showed a trend that smaller training sample sizes benefitted more from regularization than larger training sample sizes. Further, the results showed that applying L2 regularization did not apply significant computational overhead and that the extra rounds of training L2 regularization were feasible when training sample sizes are relatively small.Conclusion: Overall, this study found that there is a window of opportunity in which the benefits of employing regularization can be most cost-effective relative to training sample size. It is recommended that training sample size should be carefully considered when forming expectations of achievable generalizability improvements that result from investing computational resources into model regularization.","PeriodicalId":40102,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45345026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0