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Philosophy of Science eJournal最新文献

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Knowledge as Explanations 知识作为解释
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2017-02-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2918920
M. Valente
{"title":"Knowledge as Explanations","authors":"M. Valente","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2918920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2918920","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the implications of considering any piece of knowledge as composed by a chain of explanations, and, consequently, of assuming as goal of scientific research the production of new knowledge in the form of novel, or better, explanations. \u0000This perspective provides a consistent framework to interpret the activities related to knowledge creation and leads to fruitful implications. We can classify rigorously different types of research questions and the components of individual explanations, suggesting rigorous protocols to carry on research projects. The issue of assessing scientific claims can be framed formally facilitating the solution of scientific disputes. Finally, it allows to overcome the distinction between \"hard\" and \"soft\" sciences specifying the features of accessible potential knowledge depending on the nature of the phenomena analyzed. \u0000Though our proposal is not specific to a particular discipline, we focus on the implications for scholar of Economics. We discuss a few examples of methodological approaches frequently adopted by economists under the light of considering as goal of scientific research the production of convincing explanations rather than accurate descriptions.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"303 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134354426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Conundrums of the Representative Agent 代表代理人的难题
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-12-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2563298
D. W. Hands
{"title":"Conundrums of the Representative Agent","authors":"D. W. Hands","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2563298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2563298","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the increased use of the utility-maximizing representative agent in both contemporary macroeconomics (DSGE in particular) and microeconomics (revealed preference theory in particular). It is argued that the economists who developed Walrasian general equilibrium theory and revealed preference theory during the middle of the twentieth century were aware that the use of a single representative agent would simplify their analysis, but sill resisted employing it. The paper discusses a number of developments – both within economic theory and more broadly – that accommodated the rise of the representative agent in more recent economic theory.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125823062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
James Fergason and His Role in the Basic and Applied Science of Liquid Crystals 詹姆斯·弗格森及其在液晶基础科学和应用科学中的作用
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-10-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2859527
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
{"title":"James Fergason and His Role in the Basic and Applied Science of Liquid Crystals","authors":"Amelia Carolina Sparavigna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2859527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2859527","url":null,"abstract":"James Lee Fergason (1934-2008) focused his research on the liquid crystals. His studies and works correspond to a relevant part of the history of soft matter science and technology of liquid crystals. Besides contributing to the basic studies on cholesteric and smectic materials, he developed the twisted-nematic cell, which led to the fist liquid crystal displays. Here we are proposing a discussion of some of his main researches.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129770605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Fighting Uncertainty with Uncertainty 以不确定性对抗不确定性
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-07-11 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2715424
R. Kashyap
{"title":"Fighting Uncertainty with Uncertainty","authors":"R. Kashyap","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2715424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2715424","url":null,"abstract":"We can overcome uncertainty with uncertainty. Using randomness in our choices and in what we control and hence in the decision making process could potentially offset the uncertainty inherent in the environment and yield better outcomes. The example we fully develop is the news-vendor inventory management problem with demand uncertainty with the prescription, \"Don't Simply Optimize, Also Randomize, perhaps best described by the term - Randoptimization\".","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125630504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Социальный Капитал и Реконфигурация 'Сетей Доверия': Социологический Анализ (Social Capital and Reconfiguration of 'Trust Networks': A Sociological Analysis) СоциальныйКапиталиРеконфигурация”СетейДоверия”:СоциологическийАнализ(社会资本和重新配置的信任网络的:一个社会学的分析)
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-06-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2805419
A. Smolkin
{"title":"Социальный Капитал и Реконфигурация 'Сетей Доверия': Социологический Анализ (Social Capital and Reconfiguration of 'Trust Networks': A Sociological Analysis)","authors":"A. Smolkin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2805419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805419","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Данная работа посвящена исследованию «сетей доверия» и социального капитала как основных механизмов компенсации неэффективности формальных институтов. На основании данных исследования «Евробарометр в России» в 2012-2015 годах показывается распределение доверительных установок (обобщенное, межличностное, институциональное доверие) в российском обществе, а также устанавливается связь межличностного доверия и социального капитала. Также показывается, каким образом, сталкиваясь со сбоями в работе официальных структур, люди зачастую предпочитают решить возникшую проблему, обратившись к «сетям доверия».English Abstract: This research work deals with trust networks and social capital as main tools of repairing improper work of formal institutions. It is shown, basing on data for study ‘Eurobarometer in Russia’ conducted in 2012-2015, how different levels of trust (generalized, interpersonal, institutional) are combined in Russian society. Moreover, the connection of interpersonal trust and the level of social capital is demonstrated. The ways of solving problems, reared sue to ineffective work of institutions, using trust networks are also examined.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116361294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Reaches of the Social System: Six Channels 社会制度的范围:六个渠道
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-06-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2790724
Shiping Tang
{"title":"The Reaches of the Social System: Six Channels","authors":"Shiping Tang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2790724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2790724","url":null,"abstract":"How the social system impacts agents is a central problematique in sociology. I argue that the social system impacts agents via six distinct though interacting channels: constraining and enabling by purely material forces, constraining/enabling by the interplay of material and ideational forces, learning, artificial selection, constituting/constructing, and “anti-socialization”. Explicitly identifying the six channels and underscoring their interactions adds clarity and coherence to our understanding about how the social system shapes agents. The discussion sheds new lights on old and new debates, from the poverty of structural functionalism and the rational choice approach to the promises of figurational/relational sociology. The framework also points to directions for future theoretical and empirical endeavors, from how to link the “macro” with the “micro” and the “(external) society” with the “(internal) individual” to how to synthesize the two theories of identity and how to appreciate the impact upon agents of mega-trends in the social system.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125831146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experiments Without Concrete. The Case of Economics 没有混凝土的实验。经济学案例
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.5840/EPS201649355
O. Koshovets
{"title":"Experiments Without Concrete. The Case of Economics","authors":"O. Koshovets","doi":"10.5840/EPS201649355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/EPS201649355","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the question whether the economic discipline can be regarded as a kind of natural science it strives to be, taking into consideration the interpretation of an economic model as a kind of a thought experiment and closer connection between thought experiment and experimentation. The authors turn to epistemological analysis of thought experiments both in natural sciences and in economics and consider the historical background of this research tool and its relations with the experimentation practice. The study shows that the use of thought experiments in the economic theory and in natural sciences are fundamentally different. In natural science the thought experiment has never been detached from the material experimentation. On contrary, in economics it is used as an isolated procedure. However, isolated thought experiment is not a full-fledged research tool for studying the reality, as in that case it will affect some troubles with realism and practical efficiency of the research results. Rather, it constitutes the instrument for structuring or mapping the field of inquiry and can give results with social-constructive capacities.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131273296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Factors Affecting Self-Efficacy of Teachers in International Private Universities in Thailand 泰国国际私立大学教师自我效能感的影响因素
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-05-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2782255
Vichian Puncreobutr, Yongyut Khamkhong
{"title":"Factors Affecting Self-Efficacy of Teachers in International Private Universities in Thailand","authors":"Vichian Puncreobutr, Yongyut Khamkhong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2782255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2782255","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to study factors, namely nationality and faculty, which affected self-efficacy of teachers in international private universities in Thailand. This quantitative research studied in 10 institutions. The population of this study was 3,000. Stratified sampling by faculty was used to select 341 teachers. Analysis included percentage, mean, and two-way ANOVA. The findings indicated that: 1) In general, teachers’ nationality and faculty relatively affected their self-efficacy with a statistical significance of .01. 2) The analysis of all faculties showed that Thai and Western teachers perceived their self-efficacy at the highest level. 3) When analyzing by each faculty, Filipino and Western teachers in Business Administration had the highest self-efficacy. Thai and Western teachers, in the Humanities and Social Sciences, had the highest self-efficacy. Thai and Filipino teachers in Education had the highest self-efficacy. Outside these faculties, Indian teachers had the highest self-efficacy, in general. Overall, results indicate that nationalities and faculty have affected self-efficacy of teachers at a certain level. Due to the limitations of this study it is recommended to study further, so that more evidences will verify this conclusion.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126192886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lionel Robbins' First-Step Individualism and the Prehistory of Microfoundations 莱昂内尔·罗宾斯的《第一步个人主义和微观基础的史前》
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2995913
Thiago Dumont Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Suprinyak
{"title":"Lionel Robbins' First-Step Individualism and the Prehistory of Microfoundations","authors":"Thiago Dumont Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Suprinyak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2995913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2995913","url":null,"abstract":"Robbins belongs to the prehistory of microfoundations, for his definition of economics helped to buttress the centrality that individual choice acquired after the Second World War. This, however, was an unintended effect of his seminal Essay. Our claim is that, underlying his definition of economics, a novel approach to methodological individualism is advanced, in which the isolated individual plays the role of a temporary device. The economic man is but a first step in order to analyze more complex social phenomena. More specifically, three types of methodological individualism are outlined and it is argued that Robbins’ approach cannot be classified as any of them; we thus propose a different category, that of ‘first-step individualism’. Robbins’ rationale for focusing on the isolated individual is not that social phenomena can be reduced to individual behaviour, but rather that this is the best starting point for economics, if it is to progress and be able to deal with more complex phenomena in the future.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128834885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Technical Problem Based E-Language Instruction for Vocational Students 基于技术问题的高职生电子语言教学
Philosophy of Science eJournal Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2691934
Eleni Papantoniou, T. Hadzilacos
{"title":"Technical Problem Based E-Language Instruction for Vocational Students","authors":"Eleni Papantoniou, T. Hadzilacos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2691934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2691934","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss an intervention in mother language instruction in a Greek Vocational Lyceum combining Web 2.0 tools with electronic writing pedagogy. During a full school year (2012-13), forty six 11th grade students with typically low literacy skills participated, randomly separated in control and experimental group. The latter systematically dealt with Technical Problem Solving and completed online (Edmodo) increasingly complex writing tasks. Encouraged to reflect on and solve technical problems, they activated language skills for communicating their solutions through the synthesis of technical text-genres. Meanwhile the control group followed the conventional teaching method using the usual literary texts. Pre and post-test measurements demonstrated that, while both groups improved, the experimental group made significantly more progress in their language efficiency and writing.","PeriodicalId":399171,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121392186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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