{"title":"Preclinical PET, PET/CT, and PET/MRI.","authors":"Sonja Schelhaas, Michael Schäfers","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_16","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As tumors represent one of the most common causes of death in developed countries, it is of utmost importance to understand the (molecular) mechanisms underlying tumor progression. On this basis, cancer diagnosis and therapy can be improved. Specific radioactive molecules can help in providing such information when detected by sensitive cameras, especially when this is done in a three-dimensional manner. Positron-emitting radioisotopes can be detected by positron emission tomography (PET) cameras. A range of molecular processes can be visualized by PET, depending on the radiotracer used. However, before novel tracers can be used in a clinical scenario, it is fundamental to thoroughly prove their specificity in in vitro experiments and also in animal models. And also tracers, which are already clinically used, may be further validated in preclinical studies. To this end, small animal models of cancer and also dedicated preclinical PET cameras have been developed. Preclinical PET, in combination with CT or MRI, has fundamentally contributed to the establishment of novel imaging, diagnostic, therapy and theranostic approaches in the clinics. Here, we provide an overview of the diverse applications and also the challenges of preclinical PET in the field of oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"539-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Paech, Sebastian Regnery, Heinz-Peter Schlemmer
{"title":"Clinical MR Biomarkers.","authors":"Daniel Paech, Sebastian Regnery, Heinz-Peter Schlemmer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly applied in the clinic with a fast-growing body of evidence regarding their value in diagnostic radiology. In contrast to biochemical or histological markers, the key advantages of imaging biomarkers are the noninvasive nature and the spatial and temporal resolution of these approaches. This chapter focuses on clinical applications of novel MR biomarkers in humans with a strong focus on oncologic diseases. These include both clinically established biomarkers (parts 1-4) and novel MRI techniques that recently demonstrated high potential for clinical utility (parts 5-7).</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"225 ","pages":"749-779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147983802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Molecular Imaging in Ion Beam Therapy.","authors":"Semi Harrabi, Jürgen Debus","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_15","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the last decades, radiation oncology has undergone transformative technological advancements including the clinical implementation of ion beam therapy, most commonly using protons and carbon ions and more recently also helium ions as a high-precision treatment modality. Due to its distinct physical and biological advantages, which lead to superior dose distribution with a steep dose-fall-off at the distal end of the irradiation field, ion beam therapy benefits particularly from image guidance. Especially, molecular imaging can provide functionally related insights not only for target volume delineation, but also into tumour subpopulations, and enables individualized treatment adaptation, such as dose escalation and de-escalation or a local boost in regions where higher doses are required. This article provides an overview of clinical molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) with particular relevance in ion beam therapy. As in-vivo beam range verification is of particular interest in ion beam therapy and also related to PET, this article covers this topic as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"225 ","pages":"1001-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147983805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena Corbetta, Anja Silge, Hyeonsoo Bae, Marko Rodewald, Fisseha Bekele Legesse, Tobias Meyer, Jürgen Popp, Thomas Bocklitz
{"title":"Non-invasive Imaging Techniques: From Histology to In-vivo Imaging.","authors":"Elena Corbetta, Anja Silge, Hyeonsoo Bae, Marko Rodewald, Fisseha Bekele Legesse, Tobias Meyer, Jürgen Popp, Thomas Bocklitz","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_10","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this chapter we introduce and review molecular sensitive imaging techniques that bridge the gap between ex-vivo and in-vivo analysis. In detail, we describe spontaneous Raman spectral imaging, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). After reviewing these imaging techniques, we briefly introduce the chemometric and machine learning methods required to use these imaging techniques in diagnostic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"225 ","pages":"859-880"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147983831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wilfried Reichardt, Andreas B Schmidt, Dominik von Elverfeldt
{"title":"Preclinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Oncology.","authors":"Wilfried Reichardt, Andreas B Schmidt, Dominik von Elverfeldt","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_14","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolving possibilities of molecular imaging (MI) are fundamentally changing the way we look at cancer, with imaging paradigms now shifting away from basic morphological measures toward the longitudinal assessment of functional, metabolic, cellular, and molecular information in vivo. Recent developments of imaging methodology and probe molecules utilizing the vast number of novel animal models of human cancers have enhanced our ability to non-invasively characterize neoplastic tissue, the tumor microenvironment (TME), and follow anticancer treatments. While preclinical molecular imaging offers a wide spectrum of excellent methodologies to choose from, we will focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, since they provide excellent molecular imaging capabilities and bear high potential for clinical translation. Prerequisites and consequences of using animal models as surrogates of human cancers in preclinical molecular imaging are outlined. We present physical principles, values, and limitations of MRI as a molecular imaging modality and comment on its high potential to non-invasively assess information on metabolism, hypoxia, supporting cancer tissue, and cell trafficking in preclinical cancer research.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"451-480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical and Photoacoustic Imaging.","authors":"Joanna Napp, Andrea Markus, Frauke Alves","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_15","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical imaging is crucial in preclinical evaluation of tumor development, progression, and therapies, due to its low cost, versatility, sensitivity, and capability of real-time monitoring. The main in vivo imaging techniques include fluorescence, bioluminescence, and photoacoustic imaging. Although all three applications are limited by relatively low tissue penetration due to absorption and scattering of light in biological tissues, each application has its own benefits. Fluorescence imaging is technically the simplest method to perform and using near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probes can enhance depth capability. Moreover, novel activatable probes, lifetime imaging, and multimodal imaging strategies have extended its utility to endoscopic and surgical procedures. Bioluminescence imaging boasts high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, as light emission originates at the target from enzymatic reactions. However, it requires genetic modification to express luciferases, restricting its use in humans. Photoacoustic imaging offers better depth penetration compared to purely optical methods by utilizing ultrasound signals. Leveraging endogenous contrast from chromophores, it assists in vascular imaging and tumor identification without external labels. Due to the use of safe, non-ionizing radiation, it reduces the risk to subjects and allows repeated imaging, and is thus most suited for clinical translation. All three applications continuously benefit from the development of three-dimensional imaging techniques and deep learning algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"481-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas, Hervé Rigneault, Marc A M J van Zandvoort
{"title":"Advanced Microscopy Techniques.","authors":"Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas, Hervé Rigneault, Marc A M J van Zandvoort","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_18","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-clinical studies usually require high levels of morphological, functional, and biochemical information at subcellular resolution. This type of information cannot be obtained from clinical imaging techniques, such as MRI, PET/CT, or US. Fortunately, many microscopy techniques exist that can offer this information, also for malignant tissues and therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"583-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical and Optoacoustic Imaging Probes.","authors":"Michel Eisenblätter, Moritz Wildgruber","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_11","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue has characteristic properties when it comes to light absorption and scattering. For optical (OI) and optoacoustic imaging (OAI) these properties can be utilised to visualise endogenous chromophores, such as the oxygenation state of haemoglobin or melanin, as well as exogenously applied optical probes. Optical probes convert the energy of the light, typically laser, into either light of different wavelength, suited especially for fluorescent probes, or rather convert the energy into thermal expansion, favourable for optoacoustic imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"357-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147964954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stijn De Schepper, Tim Van den Wyngaert, Philipp Ritt, Torsten Kuwert
{"title":"Quantitative SPECT/CT: Technique and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Stijn De Schepper, Tim Van den Wyngaert, Philipp Ritt, Torsten Kuwert","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-21415-7_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous development of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) over the past 50 years has led to improved image quality and increased diagnostic confidence. The most influential developments include the realization of hybrid SPECT/computed tomography (CT) devices, as well as the implementation of attenuation correction and iterative image reconstruction techniques. These developments have led to a preference for SPECT/CT devices over SPECT-only systems and to the widespread adoption of the former, strengthening the role of SPECT/CT as the workhorse of nuclear medicine imaging.New trends in the ongoing development of SPECT/CT are diverse. For example, whole-body SPECT/CT images, consisting of acquisitions from multiple consecutive bed positions in the manner of PET/CT, are increasingly performed. Additionally, in recent years, some interesting approaches in detector technology have found their way into commercial products. For example, some SPECT cameras dedicated to specific organs employ semiconductor detectors made of cadmium telluride or cadmium zinc telluride, which have been shown to increase the obtainable image quality by offering a higher sensitivity and energy resolution.However, the advent of quantitative SPECT/CT which, like PET, can quantify the amount of tracer in terms of Bq/mL or as a standardized uptake value could be regarded as most important development. It is a major innovation that will lead to increased diagnostic accuracy and confidence, especially in longitudinal studies and in the monitoring of treatment response.The current work comprises two main aspects. At first, physical and technical fundamentals of SPECT image formation are described, and necessary prerequisites of quantitative SPECT/CT are reviewed. Additionally, the typically achievable quantitative accuracy based on reports from the literature is given. Finally some examples of clinical applications which benefit from quantitative SPECT/CT are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"225 ","pages":"619-642"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147983774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pre-clinical SPECT and SPECT-CT in Oncology.","authors":"Youngho Seo, Elena M Zannoni","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_13","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-15314-2_13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular imaging enables both spatial and temporal understanding of the complex biological systems underlying carcinogenesis and malignant spread. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a versatile nuclear imaging technique with ideal properties to study these processes in vivo in small animal models, as well as to identify potential drug candidates, characterize their anti-tumor action, and potential adverse effects.Small-animal SPECT, SPECT-CT (combined with computed tomography), and SPECT-MR (combined with magnetic resonance imaging) systems continue to evolve, as do the numerous radiopharmaceuticals that can be imaged by SPECT, allowing unprecedented sensitivity and quantitative molecular imaging capabilities. Several of these advances, their specific applications in oncology as well as new areas of exploration are highlighted in this chapter.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"224 ","pages":"403-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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