{"title":"Ergonomic injuries and their complications: prevention and treatment","authors":"Roee Noy MD , Yotam Shkedy MD , Yona Vaisbuch MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ergonomic hazards are prevalent in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, with nearly 80% of otolaryngologists reporting work-related musculoskeletal discomfort (WRMD). These issues arise due to the specialized equipment used in patient care, such as endoscopes, microscopes, and loupes, which require prolonged and varied postures that strain the body. WRMD, including pain, stiffness, and fatigue, can persist throughout an otolaryngologist's career, affecting performance, quality of life, and patient safety. A lack of ergonomic training contributes to the high prevalence of WRMD, which begins during early training and often persists without intervention. Several factors increase the risk of WRMD, including the surgical position (sitting vs standing), longer procedure times, and the use of endoscopic tools. Prevention measures like ergonomic education during medical training, adjustments to workstation setups, and targeted interventions using assessment tools such as RULA can help mitigate these risks. However, there is a need for comprehensive guidelines and research into effective remediation methods. Treatment strategies include improving ergonomic practices in the operating room, clinic, and wards, using adjustable equipment, and integrating micro-breaks. While some surgeons benefit from robotic-assisted surgeries, which reduce WRMD, these methods may introduce other ergonomic challenges. Additionally, alternative treatments such as acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy can help alleviate symptoms. Overall, addressing ergonomic hazards through early education, better equipment, and improved practices can reduce WRMD and improve both surgeon well-being and patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 118-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ksenia A. Aaron MD , Alicia Beth MD , John Vaughan MD , Yona Vaisbuch MD
{"title":"How to prolong an otologist’s career? A practical guide to ergonomics","authors":"Ksenia A. Aaron MD , Alicia Beth MD , John Vaughan MD , Yona Vaisbuch MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Otologist-neurotologists use microscopes daily, often requiring the surgeon to be seated in a stationary position for a prolonged time frame, leading to muscular stasis and inactivity. Recent literature in surgery, as well as in the field of otolaryngology specifically, found that repetitive postures and routine microscope use were the first and the second most common causes of pain respectively. Other studies revealed that otologists had a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms due to their frequent use of a microscope and ergonomic flaws encountered during surgery. To improve compliance with ergonomic principles there is a need for a practical guide. In this manuscript, we pinpoint sources of poor ergonomics in otology and present solutions to common mistakes. We propose practical considerations for optimal room setting, furniture adjustment, and correct body posture during procedures. Furthermore, we propose minibreaks and a home exercise program to assure that the results are sustainable and long lasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 139-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priya D. Krishna MD, MS, FACS , Libby J. Smith DO, FACS
{"title":"Ergonomics in laryngoesophagology","authors":"Priya D. Krishna MD, MS, FACS , Libby J. Smith DO, FACS","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laryngeal procedures, in the current day, generally take the form of awake or sedated endoscopic procedures such as vocal fold augmentation, open laryngeal procedures such as thyroplasty, and microlaryngeal surgeries under general anesthesia. Chair height, distance of the surgeon from the patient, torso rotation, and positioning of the video screen are critical ergonomic considerations of awake endoscopic laryngeal procedures. Operating table height, cervical flexion angle, and the loupe declination angle are important ergonomic considerations during open laryngeal surgery, and bed height, arm support, surgeon torso length, hip flexion angle, and cervical flexion angle are key aspects of ergonomics in microlaryngeal surgery. This review should provide a framework for examining one’s own ergonomic positioning and environment when performing a range of laryngeal surgeries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 156-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overview of surgical ergonomics","authors":"Ryan Huang MD, Maura Cosetti MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historically, the principles of ergonomics have been applied in various fields, but their significance in healthcare has gained more recent attention due to the high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) among physicians and healthcare workers. Surgeons and otolaryngologists are at uniquely high risk for WRMD due to requirements for repetitive and precise tasks, prolonged periods of awkward positioning, minimal training or education in ergonomics, and the use of specialized (often not ergonomically favorable) instruments. Support for a cultural shift within the surgical community to prioritize ergonomics and the well-being of surgeons is necessary to prevent WRMD, enhance surgeon well-being, and improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strategies for improving ergonomics in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery","authors":"Raluca Gosman MD , Adeeb Derakhshan MD , Shekhar K. Gadkaree MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery (FPRS) comprises many technical operations with limited exposure, constrained positioning, repetitive movements, and reliance on assistive technology like endoscopes and microscopes. All these factors increase risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). Improving ergonomics in the FPRS operating room involves strategic patient positioning, optimal sterile field set ups, well-fitted surgical loupes, streamlined use of endoscopes, microscopes, and monitors, and mindful surgeon posture during operations. Surgeons should consider wearable technology to aid in ergonomic posture, incorporate microbreaks, and maintain general fitness to best prevent development of WRMDs. Beginning ergonomic habits in residency through formal education can create long-term impact on patient safety, operative efficiency, surgeons’ health, and career longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachel B. Kutler BA, Anaïs Rameau MD, MPhil, MS, FACS
{"title":"Female surgical ergonomics in Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery","authors":"Rachel B. Kutler BA, Anaïs Rameau MD, MPhil, MS, FACS","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) presents significant ergonomic challenges due to repetitive fine motor tasks, frequent use of headlights and loupe magnification, and the need to operate in confined spaces. However, the experience of female surgeons in this field remains underexplored. This narrative review examines the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms among female otolaryngologists, as well as potential interventions. MSK pain is common among otolaryngologists, with female surgeons often disproportionately affected. Contributing intrinsic factors to ergonomic challenges include anthropomorphic differences such as grip strength and the additional challenges posed by pregnancy. Extrinsic factors further exacerbate these issues, with surgical tools and operating room environments that are not optimized for diverse user needs and a lack of gender-specific ergonomic training. Despite the high prevalence of MSK symptoms, female ergonomic awareness and education within OHNS remain limited. Addressing these issues requires early integration of ergonomic education in training, inclusive research on gender-specific needs, and collaboration with industry partners to develop tools and environments that accommodate diverse physical characteristics. These efforts are crucial for improving the well-being, performance, and representation of women in OHNS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing surgical ergonomics in otolaryngology: an evidence-based toolkit","authors":"Eric J. Formeister MD, MS , Andrea M. Park MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) or pain are virtually universal in otolaryngology - head and neck (OHN) surgeons. Inherent to OHN surgery are narrow surgical corridors that require precise navigation between critical anatomic structures using loupes, microscopes, endoscopes, exoscopes, and robotic devices, all of which present unique ergonomic risk if not used properly. Despite a vast and expanding body of literature describing the burden of WRMD in OHN surgery, through survey studies, there are few clear guidelines for navigating and optimizing in-office and operating room ergonomic environments. The following guide will serve as a “primer” for otolaryngologists to critically evaluate and revise their ergonomic workplace to maximize physical comfort and enhance surgeon longevity. The burden of ergonomic risk will be established, followed by specialty and visualization specific guides for troubleshooting the ergonomic workspace, concluding with an overview of evidence-based interventions for improving ergonomic configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ergonomics in rhinologic surgery","authors":"Raewyn G Campbell MD , Emma Ho MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ergonomics in rhinology plays a crucial role in optimizing surgical performance, reducing musculoskeletal strain, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and instrumentation, ergonomic challenges persist, contributing to occupational hazards for rhinologists. This paper explores the ergonomic factors affecting rhinologists, identifies key areas of strain, and proposes strategies to mitigate long-term occupational risks. A review of ergonomic principles in rhinology was conducted, incorporating observational studies, surveys, and biomechanical analyses. Additionally, practical modifications and technological advancements aimed at improving ergonomic efficiency were explored. The study highlights common ergonomic stressors, including prolonged, static postures and repetitive movements. Recommendations include adjustments in surgeon positioning, instruments, and the adoption of adaptive surgical workstations to minimize strain and enhance procedural efficiency. Addressing ergonomic challenges in rhinology is critical to sustaining surgeon well-being and optimizing patient care. Incorporating ergonomic principles into education, training, equipment design, and surgical workflow can significantly reduce occupational risks. Further research is warranted to develop standardized ergonomic guidelines tailored to rhinologic practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 147-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Gao BA , Eric J. Formeister MD, MS , Oren Wei BS , Lekha Yesantharao MD , Henry H. Joo BS , John Pentikis PhD , John P. Carey MD , Deepa Galaiya MD
{"title":"Integrating anthropometric accommodation testing and trainee feedback to evaluate sex-based differences in surgical ergonomics and musculoskeletal pain","authors":"Sarah Gao BA , Eric J. Formeister MD, MS , Oren Wei BS , Lekha Yesantharao MD , Henry H. Joo BS , John Pentikis PhD , John P. Carey MD , Deepa Galaiya MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surgical equipment, historically designed to accommodate male body proportions, may contribute to ergonomic strain among female otolaryngologists. To assess these disparities, we evaluated the ergonomic accommodation of surgical stools and tables at our institution by comparing them to anthropometric databases representative of the U.S. population. Additionally, a 40-question survey was distributed to otolaryngology trainees at the same institution to assess musculoskeletal pain patterns and perceived ergonomic risks. Our findings indicate that standard operative equipment is less accommodating to the average female stature, potentially disadvantaging female trainees in otolaryngology and exacerbating musculoskeletal (MSK) strain. Moreover, most trainees reported experiencing pain in the neck, lower back, and shoulders, with many indicating a limited understanding of ergonomic principles. Greater emphasis on surgical ergonomics, including equipment design modifications and formal ergonomics curricula, is needed to reduce the risk of injury and improve surgeon longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"Pages 124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela A. Calcano BS , Karl R. Khandalavala MD , Abby M. Simpkins BS , Gabriel A. Hernandez-Herrera BS , Emilyn P. Frohn MS , Caitlin J. Vander Wert MA , Carlos Pinheiro Neto MD, PhD , Kathryn M. Van Abel MD , Jonathan M. Morris MD , Daniel L. Price MD
{"title":"Development of a 3-dimensional model of the infratemporal fossa","authors":"Gabriela A. Calcano BS , Karl R. Khandalavala MD , Abby M. Simpkins BS , Gabriel A. Hernandez-Herrera BS , Emilyn P. Frohn MS , Caitlin J. Vander Wert MA , Carlos Pinheiro Neto MD, PhD , Kathryn M. Van Abel MD , Jonathan M. Morris MD , Daniel L. Price MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The infratemporal fossa is an irregular space inferior to the temporal fossa and deep to the ramus of the mandible. It is densely packed with muscles and neuro-vasculature, in close communication with the temporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa. While tumors originating in this region are rare and often benign, they frequently invade neighboring structures. The infratemporal fossa's deep anatomical relationships and proximity to various cranial nerves make it a challenging space for surgical resection. In the present study, a model which accurately depicts the complex anatomy of this area as a tool to augment surgical education is described. CT angiography data from a healthy 29-year-old female was segmented and refined based on a compilation of data from published anatomical studies. The resulting anatomical details were subsequently incorporated into a 3D model by a professional medical illustrator using Maxon ZBrush. Meshes were further refined in digital 3D space based on data from peer-reviewed anatomical studies. The final 3D model demonstrates the complex anatomical structures within the infratemporal fossa, including their relationship with important cranial base and neurovascular structures relevant to surgical approaches in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 14-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}