{"title":"Modeling approaches for hepatic spatial heterogeneity in pharmacokinetic simulations","authors":"Lars Ole Schwen , Lars Kuepfer , Tobias Preusser","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The metabolization and excretion of drugs in the liver are spatially heterogeneous processes. This is due to the spatial variability of physiological processes<span> at different length scales of biological organization in healthy individuals, while many liver diseases further contribute to the heterogeneity. Classical, well-stirred pharmacokinetic models do not represent this heterogeneity, and various modeling approaches capable of representing heterogeneity have been developed recently. These approaches range from mechanistic and physio-geometrically realistic models focusing on specific spatial scales, via continuum models using homogenized physiological and metabolic properties, to integrative multiscale models. Such models could become essential research tools for simulations involving drugs with notable first-pass effects, fast-acting drugs or tracers, and diseased livers.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72486282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing interindividual variability by Bayesian-PBPK modeling","authors":"Markus Krauss, Andreas Schuppert","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The description of interindividual variability and the ADME-related sources of such variability (ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion) is an essential element in clinical drug development<span> to identify potentially relevant subgroups of non-responders or high-risk patients. The use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models supports a mechanistic understanding of the underlying ADME processes related to drug pharmacokinetics. In addition, the integration of Bayesian statistics into PBPK applications has allowed thorough assessment of interindividual variability and uncertainty of the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs and underlying model parameters. Recent applications of Bayesian-PBPK approaches include subgroup stratification or improvement of the robustness of pharmacokinetic extrapolations.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81698616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reverse engineering the inflammatory “clock”: from computational modeling to rational resetting","authors":"Yoram Vodovotz","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Properly-regulated inflammation is central to homeostasis, and becomes dysregulated after traumatic injury, hemorrhage, and </span>sepsis. Inflammation is a dynamic, complex system whose function, like that of an analog clock, cannot be discerned simply from a laundry list of its parts (data). Dynamic approaches to data-driven computational modeling can be thought of as the “gears” and “hands” of the “clock,” and have led to insights regarding principal drivers, dynamic networks, feedbacks, and regulatory switches. In parallel, mechanistic computational models have given an abstracted sense of how the inflammatory “clock” works, leading to in silico models of critically ill individuals and populations. Integrating data-driven and mechanistic modeling may point the way to a rational “resetting” of inflammation via model-driven precision medicine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35736500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational modelling of Hedgehog signalling in liver regeneration","authors":"Madlen Matz-Soja","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organ regeneration is a very complex process that includes not only the reconstruction of organ mass but also the reorganisation of homeostatic capabilities. This especially applies for the liver, which performs a variety of metabolic functions. In the last decade, morphogenic pathways such as the Wnt/β-Catenin and Hedgehog signalling pathways<span> have been revealed to orchestrate liver regeneration as well as metabolism. Mathematical models have been successfully applied to liver regeneration, but these have not integrated the Hedgehog signalling pathway. In this review it is tried to compile features of Hh signalling in liver regeneration which can be integrated into liver regeneration modeling.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74477523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial to “Computational models of liver disease 2016”","authors":"Adriano M. Henney","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88086675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rob C. van Wijk , Elke H.J. Krekels , Thomas Hankemeier , Herman P. Spaink , Piet H. van der Graaf
{"title":"Systems pharmacology of hepatic metabolism in zebrafish larvae","authors":"Rob C. van Wijk , Elke H.J. Krekels , Thomas Hankemeier , Herman P. Spaink , Piet H. van der Graaf","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interspecies translation of pharmacological processes needs to improve to reduce attrition in drug development. Systems pharmacology integrates systems biology and pharmacometrics to characterise and quantify system-specific behaviour upon exposure to drugs in different species. The zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate model organism for systems pharmacology, combining high-throughput potential with high genetic homology to higher vertebrates. Zebrafish larvae have been increasingly used for drug screens, but the influence of internal drug and metabolite exposure is hardly studied. Quantifying this internal exposure is essential for establishing both exposure-response and dose-exposure relationships, needed for translation. The zebrafish may also serve as a suitable model species for translational studies on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity and the influence of hepatic dysfunction on drug metabolism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80449056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christoph Thiel , Ute Hofmann , Ahmed Ghallab , Rolf Gebhardt , Jan G. Hengstler , Lars Kuepfer
{"title":"Towards knowledge-driven cross-species extrapolation","authors":"Christoph Thiel , Ute Hofmann , Ahmed Ghallab , Rolf Gebhardt , Jan G. Hengstler , Lars Kuepfer","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transition from preclinical research to clinical phases is a crucial step in pharmaceutical development. In phase I, a new molecular entity is for the first administered to humans, after year-long development in <em>in vitro</em><span> and in preclinical animal models. However, a significant number of projects is closed during such first-in-man trials, mostly due to reasons of toxicity. This requires for new approaches in pharmaceutical development through computational modelling and through the selection of explanatory animal models, respectively, in order to support the transition from preclinical to clinical phases. In this review we will discuss the basic challenges in cross-species extrapolation before presenting some recent developments in this field as well as future perspectives.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85897395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia Rossanese , Suzanne Eccles , Caroline Springer , Amanda Swain , Florence I. Raynaud , Paul Workman , Vladimir Kirkin
{"title":"The pharmacological audit trail (PhAT): Use of tumor models to address critical issues in the preclinical development of targeted anticancer drugs","authors":"Olivia Rossanese , Suzanne Eccles , Caroline Springer , Amanda Swain , Florence I. Raynaud , Paul Workman , Vladimir Kirkin","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Pharmacological Audit Trail (PhAT) is designed as a biomarker-driven roadmap to support discovery and development of anticancer drugs. The PhAT outlines key questions that deal with the use of biomarkers to (1) determine the right patient population, (2) describe the drug’s pharmacokinetics, (3) determine the drug’s pharmacodynamics, (4) predict tumor response at an intermediate time point, (5) assess tumor response at end of treatment, and (6) understand tumor resistance paradigms. Rigorous implementation of the PhAT ensures discovery and clinical development of high quality drug candidates and helps optimize clinical trials by guiding informed decisions by clinicians. While the later stages of the PhAT deal with the clinical validation of the therapeutic hypothesis, early preclinical experiments are essential to define a number of the PhAT parameters, including identification of biomarkers and early demonstration of efficacy and proof of mechanism. This review focuses on how various preclinical tumor models, which range from simple two-dimensional cell cultures to state-of-the-art patient-derived xenografts, can be best used to answer many of these questions preclinically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82582753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preclinical models of childhood cancer for the development of targeted therapies","authors":"Raushan T. Kurmasheva, Peter J. Houghton","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Childhood cancer represents a diverse group of malignancies that overall constitute approximately one percent of human cancer. With current multimodality therapies comprising surgery, radiation therapy and intensive chemotherapy, about seventy percent of children are cured of disease, and the 5-year Event-Free survival is approaching 80%. However, gains from current cytotoxic therapies come with a severe cost to the health of survivors. These rare cancers present unique challenges to developing new therapies, in part because relatively few </span>clinical trials can be undertaken. Hence, developing preclinical models that accurately predict responsiveness to new agents assumes an increased importance. Here we review recent advances in preclinical models for development of molecularly targeted therapies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83400481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial DDT: Cancer models in drug development","authors":"Robert M. Mader","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79010743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}