Elke Kaemmerer, Tayner E. Rodriguez Garzon, Aaron M. Lock, Carrie J. Lovitt, Vicky M. Avery
{"title":"Innovative in vitro models for breast cancer drug discovery","authors":"Elke Kaemmerer, Tayner E. Rodriguez Garzon, Aaron M. Lock, Carrie J. Lovitt, Vicky M. Avery","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Breast cancer is a complex group of diseases and is one of the most common cancers diagnosed worldwide. Many studies have shown that tumour progression and drug responses vary due to tumour heterogeneity caused by genetic mutations<span><span> and aberrant protein expression<span> and are also directly affected by the local tumour microenvironment. To identify new targets, and/or evaluate potential new chemotherapeutics, with the ultimate goal of improving success rates and thus available treatment options, in vitro cell culture systems incorporating global tumour complexity are needed. This review provides an overview of the recent developments with respect to in vitro 2D, 3D and microfluidics </span></span>cell culture techniques which mimic tumourigenesis, thus providing advanced model systems able to predict clinical drug responses.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"21 ","pages":"Pages 11-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79793960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancer gene therapy: innovations in therapeutic delivery of CRISPR-Cas9","authors":"Nicole Lindsay-Mosher , Cathy Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gene therapy has great potential for use in safe and effective cancer treatments, as it can target oncogenic pathways at a molecular level. The recent development of a genome editing system using clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has made gene therapy for human diseases much more feasible. To realize the full potential of CRISPR and CRISPR-associated systems (Cas) for cancer treatment, however, this gene editing system must be efficiently and safely delivered to cancer cells <em>in vivo</em><span>. Here we review innovations made in the design of both viral and non-viral vectors to accommodate CRISPR-Cas systems, addressing the challenges of size constraints, immunogenicity, and specificity.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"21 ","pages":"Pages 17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81891698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modelling ageing and age-related disease","authors":"Ilaria Bellantuono , Paul K. Potter","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An increased lifespan comes with an associated increase in disease incidence, and is the major risk factor for age-related diseases. To face this societal challenge search for new treatments has intensified requiring good preclinical models, whose complexity and accuracy is increasing. However, the influence of ageing is often overlooked. Furthermore, phenotypic assessment of ageing models is in need of standardisation to enable the accurate evaluation of pre-clinical intervention studies in line with clinical translation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80988053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaehoon Lee , Jae-il Rho , Sushil Devkota , Young Hoon Sung , Han-Woong Lee
{"title":"Developing genetically engineered mouse models using engineered nucleases: Current status, challenges, and the way forward","authors":"Jaehoon Lee , Jae-il Rho , Sushil Devkota , Young Hoon Sung , Han-Woong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid development of engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regulated interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9 (Cas9) system has ushered in the era of ‘renaissance in precision genome engineering’ with profound potential to generate mouse models of human diseases. However, with accumulating experience, some drawbacks that we must seriously consider have appeared along with the recent advances in molecular genetics. Here, we highlight recent technical advances of engineered nucleases, discuss the challenges we have faced while using these ‘state of the art’ genome-editing technologies to generate genetically engineered mouse models (GEMs) and, and look toward the potential future uses of these technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77914820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa Haendel , Irene Papatheodorou , Anika Oellrich , Christopher J. Mungall , Nicole Washington , Suzanna E. Lewis , Peter N. Robinson , Damian Smedley
{"title":"Tools for exploring mouse models of human disease","authors":"Melissa Haendel , Irene Papatheodorou , Anika Oellrich , Christopher J. Mungall , Nicole Washington , Suzanna E. Lewis , Peter N. Robinson , Damian Smedley","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite significant computational challenges, a number of tools have been developed recently to leverage the mouse to model human disease. Here we review these tools and show how they can be applied in the identification of candidate genes and therapeutic targets as well as mouse models for mechanistic studies and drug validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.07.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84793407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Kaloff , K. Anastassiadis , A. Ayadi , R. Baldock , J. Beig , M.-C. Birling , A. Bradley , S.D.M. Brown , A. Bürger , W. Bushell , F. Chiani , F.S. Collins , B. Doe , J.T. Eppig , R.H. Finnell , C. Fletcher , P. Flicek , M. Fray , R.H. Friedel , A. Gambadoro , W. Wurst
{"title":"Genome wide conditional mouse knockout resources","authors":"C. Kaloff , K. Anastassiadis , A. Ayadi , R. Baldock , J. Beig , M.-C. Birling , A. Bradley , S.D.M. Brown , A. Bürger , W. Bushell , F. Chiani , F.S. Collins , B. Doe , J.T. Eppig , R.H. Finnell , C. Fletcher , P. Flicek , M. Fray , R.H. Friedel , A. Gambadoro , W. Wurst","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) developed high throughput gene trapping and gene targeting pipelines that produced mostly conditional mutations of more than 18,500 genes in C57BL/6N mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells which have been archived and are freely available to the research community as a frozen resource. From this unprecedented resource more than 6000 </span>mutant mouse strains<span> have been generated by the IKMC in collaboration with the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). In addition, a cre-driver resource was established including 250 C57BL/6 cre-inducible mouse strains. Complementing the cre-driver resource, a collection comprising 27 rAAVs expressing cre in a tissue-specific manner has also been produced. All resources are easily accessible from the IKMC/IMPC web portal (</span></span><span>www.mousephenotype.org</span><svg><path></path></svg><span>). The IKMC/IMPC resource is a standardized reference library of mouse models with defined genetic backgrounds enabling the analysis of gene-disease associations in mice of different genetic makeup and should therefore have a major impact on biomedical research.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79806233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capturing intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in computational models of neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Haroon Anwar","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Many signaling pathways crucial for homeostatic regulation, synaptic plasticity, apoptosis and immune response depend on Ca</span><sup>2+</sup>. Ca<sup>2+</sup> dysregulation disrupts normal function of neurons and neuronal networks. This causes severe motor and cognitive disabilities. Understanding how Ca<sup>2+</sup> dysregulation triggers disease onset and progression, and affects downstream processes, can help identify targets for treatments. Because of intermingling of molecular pathways, dissecting the role of individual mechanisms and establishing causality is very challenging. Computational models provide a way to decipher these processes. I review some computational models with Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics to illustrate their predictive power, and note where extending those models to capture multiscale interaction of Ca<sup>2+</sup><span> dependent molecular pathways can be useful for therapeutic and drug discovery purposes.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35420991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel A. Neymotin , Salvador Dura-Bernal , Herman Moreno , William W. Lytton
{"title":"Computer modeling for pharmacological treatments for dystonia","authors":"Samuel A. Neymotin , Salvador Dura-Bernal , Herman Moreno , William W. Lytton","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dystonia<span> is a movement disorder<span> that produces involuntary muscle contractions. Current pharmacological treatments are of limited efficacy. Dystonia, like epilepsy is a disorder involving excessive activity of motor areas including motor cortex and several causal gene mutations<span> have been identified. In order to evaluate potential novel agents for multitarget therapy for dystonia, we have developed a computer model of cortex that includes some of the complex array of molecular interactions that, along with membrane ion channels, control cell excitability.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35420992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling neurological disease processes using process algebra","authors":"Thomas J. Anastasio","doi":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The sheer complexity of pathogenic neurological processes poses a barrier to understanding that impedes the discovery of more effective drugs or drug combinations for the treatment of neurological disorders. Going forward, the principle means of confronting neurological complexity will be computational modeling, and the effort should employ every available tool. Process algebra is a powerful tool developed in computer science for the purpose of analyzing complicated systems. Its recent appearance in computational neuroscience promises to bring new insights into neurological processes. It will be of particular value for </span><em>in-silico</em> screens of drugs and drug combinations, and will allow modelers not only to show that a particular treatment may be effective but also to reveal its potentially complex mechanism of action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39774,"journal":{"name":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.02.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123547608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}